In pony if there is a method on a class that can raise an error we use the ? operator to call the method in a try...end block. For example:
let my_third_list = List[String].from(["First"; "Second"; "Third"])
try env.out.print(list.apply(1)?) end // Second
But what if I want to assign the return value of apply method to a name like item and then print item
let my_third_list = List[String].from(["First"; "Second"; "Third"])
try let item = list.apply(1)? end // Second
env.out.print(item)
compiler says can't find declaration of 'item'
How do I do that? and what is the best way of doing things in these cases?
All "statements" are expressions in Pony, so you can put an assignment outside the try block, such
let item = try list.apply(1)? else "<notfound>" end
env.out.print(item)
The else will be required, since a rvalue must be available.
Related
I am using if let for getting the object if its not nil. But I also need to check other condition as well i.e., if "treatmentContext.patientTreatment.canWritePermissions.contains(treatmentContext.pathPatientTreatment.owner". That I am able to do by putting comma after the first statement but here the issue is, I need to unwrap the value of treatmentContext.pathPatientTreatment.owner and here I don't know where exactly I need to unwrap that so that my if condition gets pass when it meets all the criteria.
Below is the code for reference.
if let treatmentContext = IoC.resolve(Treatment.self, from: .treatment), treatmentContext.patientTreatment.canWritePermissions.contains(treatmentContext.pathPatientTreatment.owner)
{
self.presentNavigation(isNew: isNew)
}
You already know you can separate the conditions with ,, so just do that again, but this time it's another optional binding clause:
if let treatmentContext = IoC.resolve(Treatment.self, from: .treatment),
let owner = treatmentContext.pathPatientTreatment.owner,
treatmentContext.patientTreatment.canWritePermissions.contains(owner) {
self.presentNavigation(isNew: isNew)
}
You can separate any number of optional binding clauses, Bool conditions, or case ... patterns with , in an if.
I'm having an issue with evaluation of one line of code
if i break it down to two lines, it's working , but in one line of code, it's just evaluate in a 'new' to a 'wrong' way.
my main reason for asking this question, is not to solve it, I know I can use parenthesis to solve it, and break it to Two line, but don't want to solve it, I just want to know why its evaluated like this , and if there's a solution for this : some setting to patch , in Order THAT it will work in ONE LINE OF CODE :
Heres the code that working in Two lines
Heres the code that trying to do the same thing, but rise an error as you can see:
full code of both working and not working :
class ClosuresStack {
var dic = Dictionary<String,(()->String)->String >()
subscript(_ str:String)-> (()->String)->String {
get {
return dic[str]!
}
set {
dic[str] = newValue
}
}
}
func createClosuresStak() -> ClosuresStack {
let cs = ClosuresStack()
func takesAClosureReturnA_string(_ closure:()->String) ->String {
return closure() + " Two"
}
cs["C"] = takesAClosureReturnA_string
return cs
}
let c = createClosuresStak()["C"]
let str = c{"One"}
print(str) // print: One Two
let c = createClosuresStak()["C"]{"One"} // error -->
now, I want to somehow understand how to change it that it will work in ONE LINE OF CODE : meaning that the evaluation of 'createClosuresStak()["C"]{"One"}' will create a closure after ["C"] , and then from that point writing the {"One"}
will make it a full evaluate of the line :
let c = createClosuresStak()["C"]{"One"}
making 'c' a String
if that's not possible, I need to know it Too , tnx :)
UPDATE
tnx for the comments , its help me understand the problem more clearly :
1) im understanding that the createClosuresStak()["C"]{"One"}
acutely trying to add the string 'One' as another parameter to the sub script , and there for the error from the compiler was that is cannot subscript (String,()->String} , 'C' as the string inside the [] , and the other parameter {"One"} -> BUT , isn't that some kind of a bug?, been that i'm using [] ,Cleary the compiler need to 'understand' that I want to subscript a String, also by power of inferring that swift has,
2) now I'm still trying to get that syntax to work as it is so I try to change some things, in order to get it to work :
so I created a function that take a string, and return a dictionary of type : Dictionary<String,()->String>, and then trying so subscript it
and the compiler don't rise an error that way :
func closuresDictionary(_ s:String) -> Dictionary<String,()->String> {
var dic = Dictionary<String,()->String>()
func foo()->String {
return s + " Two"
}
dic["C"] = foo
return dic
}
let c = closuresDictionary("One")["C"]{ "SomeString" }
c is now a closure of type ()->String which does noting with string that I put inside, so the syntax works, but the outcome is not doing anything.
when im changing the return type of the dictionary to a different closure : (String)->String instead of ()->String , im getting the same old error, that I'm trying to subscript a (String,(String)->String)
and I need a function that will take the string inside the {} , and create something from it meaning that I need to subscript to return a closure of (String)->String
its seems like there's no way to do that
im adding two more pictures of my last trying in order to get this line of code in current syntax to work
the wanted syntax working but the outcome is not an outcome not doing any thing with the string inside the {}:
same error, by changing the function to (String)->String
Your example:
let c = createClosuresStak()["C"]{"One"}
is using trailing closure syntax.
Trailing closure syntax works by including the trailing closure as an additional parameter to a function call. Subscripting an array is really a function call under the hood (to a function called subscript), and Swift is trying to pass that closure as a second parameter to the subscripting call, which is what the error is explaining:
Cannot subscript a value of type 'ClosuresStack' with an argument of type '(String, () -> String)'.
In other words, you can't pass both "C" and the closure {"One"} to the subscripting function.
There are at least 3 ways to fix this and still put it on one line:
Option 1: Use an explicit call to pass the closure instead of using trailing closure syntax
Wrap the closure in () to make the call explicit:
let c1 = createClosuresStak()["C"]({"One"})
print(c1)
Option 2: Wrap the createClosureStak()["C"] in parentheses
That lets Swift know the subscripting only gets "C" as a parameter and allows trailing closure syntax to work as expected:
let c2 = (createClosuresStak()["C"]){"One"}
print(c2)
Option 3: Add .self to the result before the trailing closure syntax:
That again finishes the subscripting call and avoids the confusion.
let c3 = createClosuresStak()["C"].self {"One"}
print(c3)
Personally, I would choose option one, because trailing closure syntax is unnecessary syntactic sugar that clearly is not working here.
I have a working connection to a database in an iOS10 app, using SQLite.swift.
I want to select details for a specific university where I have an IHE_ID passed in from another view controller.
I would like to just select the row for that specific university, but I can't get a query to work. I can however loop through all the data with a prepare and then choose the one I need from that, which of course is more resource intensive than I need since I already have the specific IHE_ID passed in as anIHE Int from the sending view controller.
connection is working so omitting that code...
do {
let db = try Connection(destinationDBPath, readonly: true)
let IHEs = Table("IHE")
let IHE_ID = Expression<Int>("IHE_ID")
let IHE_Name = Expression<String>("IHE_Name")
let IHE_COE_Url = Expression<String>("IHE_COE_URL")
let IHE_Sector = Expression<Int>("IHE_Sector")
let IHE_COE_Name = Expression<String>("IHE_COE_Name")
for ihe in try db.prepare(IHEs){
if (ihe[IHE_ID] == anIHE){
// build this string, otherwise ignore rest of dataset (doing this because query isn't working)
buildIHE = "Name: \(ihe[IHE_Name])\n"
buildIHE.append("URL: \(ihe[IHE_COE_Url])\n")
// buildIHE.append("Sector: \(ihe[IHE_Sector])\n")
if (ihe[IHE_Sector] == 0) {
buildIHE.append("Sector: Public\n")
} else {
buildIHE.append("Sector: Private\n")
}
buildIHE.append("College of Education Name: \(ihe[IHE_COE_Name])\n")
}
}
print ("Got through building IHE portion of view")
What I'd like to do is use this instead of the for loop.
if let query = IHEs.select(IHE_ID,IHE_Name,IHE_COE_Url,IHE_Sector,IHE_COE_Name).filter(IHE_ID == anIHE){
print("Query successful for \(anIHE) with name \(query[IHE_Name])")
// more actions to build the string I need would then occur
} else {
print("Query has failed or returned nil")
}
Finally, I'll use the selected elements if I can get the query to work.
I think I probably just have something wrong with my syntax on the query, but any help is appreciated.
The line with the "if let query" has this error in Xcode:
Initializer for conditional binding must have Optional type, not 'Table'.
This leads me to think it's something with my use of the .select statement and just new to using SQLite.swift and swift in general.
Last thing is that anIHE comes into this function as an Int, and IHE_ID is Expression as shown in this code. I'm thinking this may be part of the problem.
The Initializer for conditional binding must have Optional type error means that the expression on the right of the if let v = expr statement is not an Optional: there is no point using if let, and the Swift compiler says that you should just write let v = expr.
And indeed, IHEs.select(...).filter(...) returns a non-optional value of type Table.
It is not the database row you expect, because the query has been defined, but not executed yet. After all, you weren't using db: where would the rows be loaded from?
The solution is to bring back the database connection, and load a single row. This is done with the pluck method.
if let ihe = try db.pluck(IHEs.select(...).filter(...)) {
print("Name \(ihe[IHE_Name])")
}
I have pretty simple example and have no clue why it doesn't work as expected.
var list:Array<Int> = [1,2,3,4,5]
var item:Int?
for var index = 0; index < list.count; index++ {
item! = list[index]
item = item + 5 // <-- error value of optional type 'Int?' not unwrapped
}
Why Swift forces me to write: item = item! + 5
I unwrapped it here: item! = list[index] and if list returns nil - the Exception will be thrown.
As I understand on this step a.e.: item! = list[index] the item is not nil
I tried several options like:
item! = list[index] as Int!
item! = list[index] as AnyOblect! as? Int
But still get the same demand to write item = item! + 5
I use playground
Let me break it down for you:
var item:Int? tells the compiler that whenever the word item is used, it refers to a variable of type optional Int (aka Int?).
var item:Int on the other hand, tells the compiler that whenever the word item is used, it refers to a variable simply of type Int.
In order to access the unwrapped value of your variable declared in var item:Int?, you will always have to use item!. The compiler is not going to guess whether the variable item has a value or not. That, after all, is the the whole purpose of optionals. To make it clear that these kind of variables may or may not have a value.
Essentially, what I'm trying to say is that a variable once declared as an optional, will always be an optional regardless of whether it contains a value or not. To get the unwrapped value, you will always have to use the character !, unless you decide to store it's value in another variable (ex. var unwrappedItem = item!)
To get rid of your error, simply declare your item variable to be of type Int, and not Int?.
As to why Swift throws an error instead of just letting the runtime raise an exception, it's just an extra precaution to probably discourage people from using bad practice.
I came across a conditional if statement in Objective-C:
self.frontCardView = self.backCardView;
if ((self.backCardView = [self popPersonViewWithFrame:[self backCardViewFrame]])) {
// Fade the back card into view.
...
}
Basically:
if ((self.backCardView = self.popPersonViewWithFrame(self.backCardViewFrame()))) {...}
This sets "self.backCardView" to the return value of
"-popPersonViewWithFrame:". In C (and Objective-C), the result of an
assignment is the assigned value.
In this case, the result of the expression "(self.backCardView = [self
popPersonViewWithFrame:self.backCardViewFrame])" the return value of
"-popPersonViewWithFrame:".
If the return value is "nil", then the conditional is not executed (since "nil" is a false value).
If I try to do the same thing in Swift:
self.frontCardView = self.backCardView
if ((self.backCardView = self.popPersonViewWithFrame(self.backCardViewFrame()))) {
// Fade the back card into view.
...
}
I get an error in compilation:
Type '()' does not conform to protocol 'LogicValue'
Swift was specifically designed to not allow testing an assignment in a conditional for safety reasons (people accidentally using one = instead of two). The result of an assignment operator is always void () like the error says.
Assign, then check for nil separately.
self.frontCardView = self.backCardView
self.backCardView = self.popPersonViewWithFrame(self.backCardViewFrame())
if self.backCardView != nil {
// Fade the back card into view.
// ...
}
() is simply a typealias for void, which is what assignments return in Swift. As Bryan suggested, just put the assignment outside of the condition.
The condition isn't a condition, so like Bryan Chen said, do the assignment outside of the condition, but assign it to another variable. In the condition, then, check whether that variable is equal to backCardView, like so:
frontCardView = backCardView
let poppedView = self.popPersonViewWithFrame(self.backCardViewFrame())
if backCardView == poppedView {
// Fade the back card into view.
...