class foo(val x:Int){
def convertToInt(z:string) = {do somthing to convert a string to an integer}
def this(y:string) = this(convertToInt(y))
}
calling convertToInt in auxiliary constructor (this(y:string)) causes this error:
error: not found: value convertToInt
I know I can use a singleton object and pack all static functions like convertToInt into it, but is it a good solution?
object foo{
def convertToInt(z:string) = {do somthing to convert a string to an integer}
}
class foo(val x:Int){
def this(y:string) = this(foo.convertToInt(y))
}
I think in this case the best solution would be to use factory methods instead of public constructor.
So you can define your constructor private and provide factory apply methods in companion object:
class Foo private (val x:Int)
object Foo {
def apply(i: Int) = new Foo(i)
def apply(s: String) = new Foo(convertToInt(s))
def convertToInt(s: String) = s.toInt
}
println(Foo(512).x)
println(Foo("256").x)
You can find more information about constructor vs factory method here:
Constructors vs Factory Methods
It's the same for Scala.
Update
As an example of alternative solution I made very generic solution. Foo class can now work with any class that ever existed or can be created in future, assuming, that this type can be converted (you can define how it should be converted) to/from Int:
trait Convertable[From, To] {
def convert(from: From): To
}
object Convertable {
implicit val intString = new Convertable[Int, String] {
def convert(from: Int) = from toString // your logic here
}
implicit val stringInt = new Convertable[String, Int] {
def convert(from: String) = from toInt // your logic here
}
implicit def self[T] = new Convertable[T, T] {
def convert(from: T) = from
}
}
case class Foo[T](original: T)(implicit toInt: Convertable[T, Int], fromInt: Convertable[Int, T]) {
val x: Int = toInt convert original
def toOriginal = fromInt convert x
}
println(Foo(512) x)
println(Foo("256") x)
(I could define toOriginal by just returning = original, but it would be too boring :)
As you can see, this solution is generic and more complicated. But as far as I saw, many application need some kind of conversion between different primitive values and/or classes. So in many cases it's sutable (and may be event considered very good) solution for many cases and may be for your also. But it's often impossible to tell what's "the best" solution for all possible cases.
by using angle's offer about factory method instead of Auxiliary Constructor:
class Foo(val s:String) {
val s = ""
def bar2:String = s+s
def bar3:List[Char] = s.toList
}
object Foo extends{
def bar1(y:List[Char]):String =y.mkString
def apply(s:String)= new Foo(s)
def apply(y:List[Char])= new Foo(bar1(y))
}
client code:
val foo1 = Foo(List('a','b'))
println(foo1.s)
println(foo1.bar2)
println(foo1.bar3)
Your solution isn't that bad. After all, convertToInt is similar to a static method in Java. Personally I don't like auxiliary constructors, so I'd normally prefer Easy Angels solution as well. However if you plan to inherit from your class later, the companion object approach won't "scale" for the derived class, you would have to reimplement that method. In that case you should stick with your solution.
Theoretically you could put that method in a separate trait and extend it, but I wouldn't recommend this. Using inheritance should be limited to cases when there is a real dependency, not just for "convenience".
Related
Let's imagine I have the following base trait and case classes
sealed trait BaseTrait
case class Foo(x: Integer = 1) extends BaseTrait
case class Bar(x: String = "abc") extends BaseTrait
I would like to create a generic interface for classes which can process BaseTrait instances, something like the following
class FooProcessor(val model: FooModel) extends BaseProcessor[Foo] {
val v: Option[Foo] = model.baseVar
}
class BarProcessor(val model: BarModel) extends BaseProcessor[Bar] {
val v: Option[Bar] = model.baseVar
}
For this I have the following traits
trait BaseModel[T <: BaseTrait] {
var baseVar: Option[T] = None
}
trait BaseProcessor[T <: BaseTrait] {
def model: BaseModel[T]
def process(x: T): Unit = model.baseVar = Option(x)
}
The model definitions are the following
class FooModel extends BaseModel[Foo]
class BarModel extends BaseModel[Bar]
Now lets imagine I have the following processors somewhere in my app
val fooProcessor = new FooProcessor(new FooModel)
val barProcessor = new BarProcessor(new BarModel)
I would like to handle them in a somewhat generic way, like this
def func[T <: BaseTrait](p: T) {
val c/*: BaseProcessor[_ >: Foo with Bar <: BaseTrait with Product with Serializable]*/ = p match {
case _: Foo => fooProcessor
case _: Bar => barProcessor
c.process(p)
}
The compiler is not really happy about the last line, it says
type mismatch;
found : T
required: _1
If I understand correctly this is basically the compiler trying to prevent barProcessor.process(Foo()) from happening. I've tried a couple of solutions to get around this and achieve the desired behavior:
the simplest way around this is calling the proper *Processor.process with the proper BaseTrait instance inside the match case, which seems to defy the whole point of handling them in a somewhat generic way
use an abstract type in the BaseModel and BaseProcessor, which one hand got rid of the somewhat unneeded type parameter in BaseModel but the compilers complaint is still valid and I was not able to figure out if it's possible to get that to work
get rid of the type parameter and contraint from the BaseModel, and just do a type cast in the processor to get the proper type, but the explicit type cast also isn't really what I was hoping for
Like so:
trait BaseModel {
var baseVar: Option[BaseTrait] = None
}
trait BaseProcessor[T <: BaseTrait] {
def model: BaseModel
def process(x: T): Unit = model.baseVar = Some(x)
def getBaseValue: T = model.baseVar.map(_.asInstanceOf[T])
}
I guess one could also somehow convince the compiler that the two types (T of the Processor and T of the func parameter p) are equivalent, but that also seems like an overkill (and I'm also not really sure how it can be done).
So my question is the following: is it possible to do what I'm trying to achieve here (managing processors in a uniform way + each processor knows their specific type of BaseTrait) in a somewhat easy fashion? Is there a better model for this which I'm missing?
Update
As per Tim's answer making the controllers implicit solves the problem, however if you want to have a class where you define your controllers + have 'func' on it's interface the compiler no longer seems to properly resolve the implicits. So if I try to do something like this
class ProcessorContainer {
implicit val fooProcessor = new FooProcessor(new FooModel)
implicit val barProcessor = new BarProcessor(new BarModel)
def func[T <: BaseTrait](p: T) = typedFunc(p)
private def typedFunc[T <: BaseTrait](p: T)(implicit processor: BaseProcessor[T]) =
processor.process(p)
}
class Test {
val processorContainer = new ProcessorContainer
processorContainer.func(Foo())
processorContainer.func(Bar())
}
I get the following compile error (one for Foo and one for Bar):
could not find implicit value for parameter processor: BaseProcessor[Foo]
not enough arguments for method
Is there a way around this? I could of course expose the controllers so they can be passed in implicitly, however I'd prefer not doing that.
You can create a simple typeclass by making the processors implicit and passing them as an extra argument to func:
implicit val fooProcessor = new FooProcessor(new FooModel)
implicit val barProcessor = new BarProcessor(new BarModel)
def func[T <: BaseTrait](p: T)(implicit processor: BaseProcessor[T]) =
processor.process(p)
If you pass a Foo to func it will call FooProcessor.process on it, and if you pass a Bar to func it will call BarProcessor on it.
Given a type which has a "converter", I would like to have automatic conversion on method call using this type's companion object. That is, given the following definition,
case class Converted(name: String)
trait Converter[A] {
def perform: Converted
}
implicit val StringConverter = new Converter[String] {
def perform = Converted("String")
}
make the following code to work:
implicit def toConverter(a: String.type): Converted =
implicitly[Converter[String]].perform // Error: `Found String.type, required AnyRef`
def f(needsConverted: Converted) = ???
f(String) // <- That's what I would like to be able to write.
But this fails and both attempts for conversion fail. Note that I cannot change f because it is provided by a third-party library and there are many of them.
Can I make f(String) compile using implicits?
If not possible for Strings, what about classes which do have a companion object, can I do this generically like:
object TheClass
case class TheClass()
implicit val TheClassConverter = new Converter[TheClass] {
def perform = Converted("TheClass")
}
implicit def toConverter[A: Converter](a: A.type): Converted =
implicitly[Converter[A]].perform // Error: `Not found value A`
implicit def toConverter(a: TheClass.type): Converted =
implicitly[Converter[TheClass]].perform // This works but is not generic
f(TheClass) // This works.
Can I make the first toConverter to compile ?
Instead of defining an implicit instance for the type MyClass you can define an implicit instance for the companion type MyClass.type.
implicit val TheClassConverter: Converter[MyClass.type] = new Converted[MyClass.type] {
def perform = Converted("MyClass")
}
Can I make f(String) compile using implicits?
No. You can define a value called String, of course, but it won't be related to the type String.
implicit toConverter[A: Converter](a: A.type): Converted =
implicitly[Converter[A]].perform
A in A.type must be a value; it is not related to the type parameter A.
In fact, so far as Scala's type system is concerned, there is no relationship between a class/trait and its companion object. So you can't do what you want generically.
Of course, if you don't insist on using () instead of [], it becomes trivial:
def f1[A: Converter] = f(implicitly[Converter[A]].perform)
f1[String]
f1[TheClass]
Not sure, what are you trying to accomplish, but following works for me
case class Converted(name: String)
trait Converter[A] {
def perform: Converted
}
implicit def toConverted(name: String) = Converted("String")
implicit def toIntConverted(int: Int) = Converted("Int")
def f(needsConverted: Converted): String = needsConverted.name
f("some")
f(5)
How can I achieve this:
final case class ChairId(id: String)
trait GeneratorLike[TO, TC <: AbstractId] {
val prefix: String
def generate(): TC = TO.apply(prefix + "-" + UUID.randomUUID())
}
implicit object ChairIdGenerator extends GeneratorLike[ChairId.type, ChairId] {
val prefix: String = "CHAIR"
}
implicit def IdFn[TO, TC <: AbstractId](x: TO)(implicit ev: GeneratorLike[TO, TC]): GeneratorLike[TO, TC] = ev
//right now I can call:
ChairId.generate()
I don't want to define companion object for that situation and I wondered if there is a chance to extend object with use of implicits?
When I do (I use TO as TypeObject and TC as TypeClass naming) idFn[TO, TC] I want TO to be object that implements def apply(id: String): TC can I enforce that? And how would I get to use this function? It feels totally impossible to call function on type parameter :/
It is impossible to call a method on a type parameter, because it represents a type and not an object. You can call a method on an object, because it is something that exists, but a type is an abstract concept. I don't know what your motivation is for wanting to implicitly add generate() to companion objects, because it actually requires just as much code to define an implicit GeneratorLike than it does to define the companion for ChairId.
If you force GeneratorLike to have an apply method (which can be implemented by case class apply), and remove the first type parameter, this will work.
trait GeneratorLike[TC <: AbstractId] { this: Singleton =>
val prefix: String
def apply(id: String): TC
def generate(): TC = apply(prefix + "-" + UUID.randomUUID())
}
abstract class AbstractId
final case class ChairId(id: String) extends AbstractId
object ChairId extends GeneratorLike[ChairId] {
val prefix = "CHAIR"
}
scala> ChairId.generate()
res0: ChairId = ChairId(CHAIR-60bb01c7-af95-46c7-af45-0b3fa78b3080)
Structural typing is not a particularly good idea on the JVM, so always try to avoid the def test(x: {def apply(s: String)}): TC type stuff because it is implemented using reflection which can be a dog performance wise.
Second, you should probably avoid using val inside a trait. Read here.
The approach you have considered is actually the right one, and namely type classes.
trait HasGenerator[T] {
def apply(uuid: String): T
def generate[T : Generator] = apply(Generator[T].generate)
}
final case class ChairId(id: String)
object ChairId extends HasGenerator[ChairId]
trait Generator[TO] {
def prefix: String
def generate(): String = prefix + "-" + UUID.randomUUID()
def apply(): String = generate
}
object Generator {
def apply[T : Generator] = implicitly[Generator[T]]
}
// Notice .type is not necessary
implicit object ChairIdGenerator extends Generator[ChairId] {
override def prefix = "CHAIR"
}
Why not just use:
ChairId(Generator[ChairId])
This all seems like overkill though so you can quite easily somehow. It's worth fleshing out your requirements a bit more because type classes don't really seem super necessary just yet. You could just do with:
Update
If you use something like the HasGenerator that I have added above in conjunction with the companion object, you can now successfully call ChairId.generate()
I have few classes which do not derive from any superclass. They all have bunch of same methods defined. For example,
class A {
def getMsgNum = 1
}
class B {
def getMsgNum = 2
}
I would like to write a generic function that will return message num based on object function is called with. So something like,
def getMsgNum[T](t: T) = t.getMsgNum
I think that because of type erasure I cannot expect that to work but I was looking at view bound and context bound with ClassTag but that still does not work.
def getType[T: ClassTag](msg: T) = {
msg.getMsgNum
}
I come from C++ background and I am trying to achieve something to the effect of template compilation for every type.
Thanks for your time!
I personally prefer adhoc polymorphism with TypeClass (http://danielwestheide.com/blog/2013/02/06/the-neophytes-guide-to-scala-part-12-type-classes.html) pattern. I think it will be much more "true scala way" solution for this kind of problem. Also structural typing more expensive at runtime because it use reflection for field access.
class A
class B
trait ToMsgNum[T] {
def getMsgNum: Int
}
implicit object AToMsgNum extends ToMsgNum[A] {
def getMsgNum = 1
}
implicit object BToMsgNum extends ToMsgNum[B] {
def getMsgNum = 2
}
def getMsgNum[T: ToMsgNum](t: T) =
implicitly[ToMsgNum[T]].getMsgNum
println(getMsgNum(new A))
println(getMsgNum(new B))
def getMsgNum[T](t: T)(implicit ev: T => { def getMsgNum: Int }) = t.getMsgNum
where { def getMsgNum: Int } is a structural type. From the documentation:
A structural type is a type of the form Parents { Decls } where Decls contains declarations of new members that do not override any member in Parents.
and
Structural types provide great flexibility because they avoid the need to define inheritance hierarchies a priori
Please note that the above solution uses an implicit reflective call to access the field of the structural type, a language feature that has to be explicitly enabled by adding the import
import scala.language.reflectiveCalls
This is not too different from Eugene's solution but I think it's a bit clearer:
// predefined classes you have no access to
class Foo { def someMethod = "foo" }
class Bar { def someMethod = "bar" }
there's no way in Scala other than reflection or structural types (which is reflection in disguise) to generically call someMethod on these types. The way this can be made to work though, is by defining adapter objects that know how to deal with each type individually, and you then make generic calls on those instead:
trait HasSomeMethod[T] { def someMethod(x: T): String }
object FooHasSomeMethod extends HasSomeMethod[Foo] { def someMethod(x: Foo) = x.someMethod }
object BarHasSomeMethod extends HasSomeMethod[Bar] { def someMethod(x: Bar) = x.someMethod }
now you can pass one of those adapter objects into the method that needs generic access to Foo#someMethod and Bar#someMethod:
def invokeSomeMethod[T](x: T)(adapter: HasSomeMethod[T]) =
adapter.someMethod(x)
invokeSomeMethod(new Foo)(FooHasSomeMethod) // returns "foo"
invokeSomeMethod(new Bar)(BarHasSomeMethod) // returns "bar"
(we could have used a single parameter list here but later we'll nede 2 lists anyway)
however, this is obviously not as useful as we'd like as we have to pass in the adapter manually. Let's introduce implicits to make Scala automatically look up the right adapter object and pass that in to our generic but inheritance'less method:
implicit object FooHasSomeMethod extends HasSomeMethod[Foo] { ... }
implicit object BarHasSomeMethod extends HasSomeMethod[Bar] { ... }
def invokeSomeMethod[T](x: T)(implicit adapter: HasSomeMethod[T]) =
adapter.someMethod(x)
now these work:
invokeSomeMethod(new Foo) // returns "foo"
invokeSomeMethod(new Bar) // returns "bar"
The above 2 calls get translated automatically to the longer calls in the previous version; Scala looks up suitable values for the implicit adapter parameter automatically from the implicit objects (and also vals and defs, to be precise) available in the "environment" of the call.
You can also define invokeSomeMethod like this, which is just syntactic sugar over the above definition:
def invokeSomeMethod[T: HasSomeMethod](x: T) =
implicitly[HasSomeMethod[T]].someMethod(x)
or, since T: HasSomeMethod auto-generates a second parameter list implicit evidence$1: HasSomeMethod[T], this also works:
def invokeSomeMethod[T: HasSomeMethod](x: T) =
evidence$1.someMethod(x)
The above "pattern" is known as Type Classes. So for example the T: HasSomeMethod bit can be read as "some type T that belongs to the type class HasSomeMethod" (or "...has been made an instance of the type class HasSomeMethod").
For more on Type Classes, see e.g. http://danielwestheide.com/blog/2013/02/06/the-neophytes-guide-to-scala-part-12-type-classes.html.
You can also define the HasSomeMethod type class instance for classes that don't even have someMethod nor bear no other resemblance to Foo and Bar whatsoever, if needed:
implicit object IntHasSomeMethod extends HasSomeMethod[Int] {
def someMethod(x: Int) = "this is an int: " + x
}
invokeSomeMethod(3) // returns "this is an int: 3"
If you need to define an instance of that type class for many classes, you can have a helper (with a name that matches the type class, for niceness):
def HasSomeMethod[T](fn: T => String) = new HasSomeMethod[T] {
def someMethod(x: T) = fn(x)
}
now you can define type class instances (adapters) very concisely:
implicit val FooHasSomeMethod = HasSomeMethod[Foo](_.someMethod)
implicit val BarHasSomeMethod = HasSomeMethod[Bar](_.someMethod)
implicit val IntHasSomeMethod = HasSomeMethod[Int]("this is an int: " + _)
implicit val PersonHasSomeMethod = HasSomeMethod[Person](_.name)
// etc
If you dont want to use structural type (reflection) and implicit, how about create Adaptor on top of it, so you own method getMsgNum will implement based on the Adaptor instead of already existing class.
class A {
def getMsgNum = 1
}
class B {
def getMsgNum = 2
}
class C {
def getMsgNum = 3
}
trait Adaptor[T] {
def getMsgNum: Int
}
class AdaptorA(t: A) extends Adaptor[A] {
def getMsgNum = t.getMsgNum
}
class AdaptorB(t: B) extends Adaptor[B] {
def getMsgNum = t.getMsgNum
}
class AdaptorC(t: C) extends Adaptor[C] {
def getMsgNum = t.getMsgNum
}
def getMsgNum[T](t: Adaptor[T]) = t.getMsgNum
getMsgNum(new AdaptorA(new A)) //1
getMsgNum(new AdaptorB(new B)) //2
getMsgNum(new AdaptorC(new C)) //3
I have a class that takes an implicit parameter which is used by functions called inside class methods. I want to be able to either override that implicit parameter, or alternatively, have the implicit argument be copied from its source. As an example:
def someMethod()(implicit p: List[Int]) {
// uses p
}
class A()(implicit x: List[Int]) {
implicit val other = List(3) // doesn't compile
def go() { // don't want to put implicit inside here since subclasses that override go() have to duplicate that
someMethod()
}
}
The behavior I want is that someMethod() gets an implicit parameter that is some changed version of x, which was the class's implicit parameter. I want to be able to either mutate x without changing it for whatever passed it into A's constructor, or otherwise override it to a new value of my choosing. Both approaches don't seem to work. That is, it doesn't copy the list in the former case, and the compiler finds an ambiguous implicit value for the latter case. Is there a way to do this?
I realize that I can redefine the implicit value within go(), but this is not a good choice in my case because this class is subclassed numerous times, and I'd like to handle this implicit change in the base class only. So it doesn't necessarily need to go in the constructor, but it must be in a method other than go().
Introduce another wrapper type, simply to disambiguate:
// badly named, choose something domain-specific
case class ListHolder(theList: List[Int])
def someMethod()(implicit holder: ListHolder) {
val xs = holder.theList
// uses xs ...
}
class A()(implicit xs: List[Int]) {
implicit val other = ListHolder(42 :: xs) // compiles
def go() {
// xs is never considered for the implicit param to someMethod()
// because it's now the wrong type
}
}
This also makes the code more self-documenting, as it becomes blindingly obvious that the two implicits are not one and the same.
If you want to have zillions of implicits floating around that don't collide with each other, you can create a wrapper class that you can tag with marker traits for implicit usage. There are a variety of syntaxes you could use; here's one example:
object Example {
class Implication[A,B](val value: A) {
def apply[C](c: C) = new Implication[C,B](c)
}
object Implication {
def mark[B] = new Implication[Unit,B](())
implicit def implication_to_value[A,B](i: Implication[A,B]) = i.value
}
trait One {}
trait Two {}
implicit val x = Implication.mark[One]("Hello")
implicit val y = Implication.mark[Two]("Hi")
def testOne(implicit s: Implication[String,One]) = println(s: String)
def testTwo(implicit s: Implication[String,Two]) = println(s: String)
def testThree(s: String) = println("String is " + s)
def main(args: Array[String]) {
testOne
testTwo
testThree(x)
testThree(y)
}
}
Which works as you would hope:
scala> Example.main(Array())
Hello
Hi
String is Hello
String is Hi
Since you have to use a wrapper object, it's not super-efficient, but it can be very effective. (Or very confusing, given how much happens implicitly.)
This modification compiles. I changed x into a var:
class A()(implicit var x: List[Int]) {
def someMethod()(implicit p: List[Int]) {
// uses p
}
x = List(3)
def go() { // don't want to put implicit inside here since subclasses that override go() have to duplicate that
someMethod()
}
}