I was surprised by the following playground I created after seeing some unexpected behavior in my code:
import Foundation
let bytes:[UInt8] = [20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70]
var stream = bytes.generate()
func consumeTwo(var stream:IndexingGenerator<[UInt8]>) {
print(stream.next())
print(stream.next())
}
consumeTwo(stream) // This prints 20 and 30
print(stream.next()) // This prints 20!? I expected 40!
I had thought that marking the stream argument as var to the consumeTwo() function, the stream state/position would be shared/updated as it moved from function to function. But that appears to not be the case.
Does this mean I need to make that an inout? And pass with the ampersand? When does one use the var if that's the case?
More generally... what is the right/idiomatic way to create a stream over a byte array which can be passed from function to function (e.g. a decoder) and preserve the position of the stream as it is passed around?
+1 for archaic English in the question title. :)
When you use var in a function signature, you create a local copy of that value. It's the same as if you did this:
func consumeTwo(stream: IndexingGenerator<[UInt8]>) {
var localStream = stream
print(localStream.next())
print(localStream.next())
}
When the parameter is a reference type (i.e. a class), the duplicate "value" is a duplicate reference to the same object. But the thing you get from Array.generate() is a value type, so your local copy is a separate iterator with separate state.
Does this mean I need to make that an inout? And pass with the ampersand?
Yes — for your simple example, inout (and pass with &) is a simple and idiomatic way to do this:
func consumeTwo(inout stream:IndexingGenerator<[UInt8]>) {
print(stream.next())
print(stream.next())
}
consumeTwo(&stream) // This prints 20 and 30
print(stream.next()) // This prints 40
Remember: when you want to modify a value type inside a function and later see those modifications outside the function, use inout. And the & goes with it, so that it's clear both inside the function and at the call site that this behavior is happening.
When does one use the var if that's the case?
Use var for parameters only when you want to make a copy that's local to the function invocation. Admittedly, the use cases for this are few. Here's a contrived (and completely unnecessary) one:
func bananify(var strings: [String]) {
for i in 1.stride(to: strings.count, by: 2) {
strings[i] = "banana"
}
print(strings.joinWithSeparator(" "))
}
let words = ["foo", "bar", "bas", "zap", "asdf"]
bananify(words) // "foo banana bas banana asdf\n"
If you find this confusing, you're not the only one. For this reason, removing the ability to use var for parameters is a planned change for Swift 3.
More generally... what is the right/idiomatic way to create a stream over a byte array which can be passed from function to function (e.g. a decoder) and preserve the position of the stream as it is passed around?
As user3441734 notes, you can indeed create and use a reference-type iterator instead. Or you can write a reference type that holds and manages an iterator. For your hypothetical case of sharing a stream among several subsystems of a program, this is probably a good approach — representing a shared resource is one of the canonical cases for using reference types.
you wrote "It makes me wish that Generators were objects instead of structs."
there is no trouble define some generator as reference type ...
class G: AnyGenerator<Int> {
var i = 0
override func next() -> Int? {
return i++
}
}
let g = G()
func foo(gen: G)->Void {
print(gen.next())
print(gen.next())
}
foo(g)
print(g.next())
/*
Optional(0)
Optional(1)
Optional(2)
*/
Related
If i run the following code in XCode 12 playground (Swift 5.3) I get the same result from two listings:
import Foundation
var dict = NSMutableDictionary()
dict["x"] = 42
func stuff(_ d: inout NSMutableDictionary) {
d["x"] = 75
}
stuff(&dict)
dump(dict) // x is 75
the other:
import Foundation
var dict = NSMutableDictionary()
dict["x"] = 42
func stuff(_ d: NSMutableDictionary) {
d["x"] = 75
}
stuff(dict)
dump(dict) // x is 75 still
As per the documentation here, the second listing should give me an error:
https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/LanguageGuide/Functions.html
But it works anyway.
Is this because the enforcement of these in-out rules is constrained to Swift only types, and Cocoa types are exempt?
This works not because Cocoa types are exempt, but because NSMutableDictionary is a class (as opposed to a struct), and the inout does not refer to what you might be thinking.
Unfortunately, the documentation you link to (and the more in-depth documentation on inout parameters it links to) doesn't make it clear what "value" really means:
An in-out parameter has a value that is passed in to the function, is modified by the function, and is passed back out of the function to replace the original value
The following statement hints at it a little, but could be clearer:
You can only pass a variable as the argument for an in-out parameter. You cannot pass a constant or a literal value as the argument, because constants and literals cannot be modified.
The "value" the documentation describes is the variable being passed as inout. For value types (structs), this is meaningful because every variable holding a value of those types effectively holds a copy of that value.
var a = MyGreatStruct(...)
var b = a
// a and b are not directly linked in any way
Passing a struct to a function normally copies the value into a new local variable (new variable = copy), whereas you can imagine inout giving you direct access to the original variable (no new variable).
What's not described is that the effect is identical for classes, which behave differently.
let a = MyGreatClass(...)
let b = a
// modifying `a` will modify `b` too since both point to the same instance
Passing a class to a function also copies the variable into a new local variable, but the copy isn't meaningful — both variables hold the same thing: a reference to the object itself in memory. Copying in that sense doesn't do anything special, and you can modify the object from inside of the function the same way you could from outside. inout for classes behaves the same way as for structs: it passes the original variable in by reference. This has no bearing on the majority of the operations you'd want to perform on the object anyway (though it does allow you to make the variable point to a different object from within the function):
var a = MyGreatClass("Foo")
// func foo(_ value: MyGreatClass) {
// value = MyGreatClass("Bar") // <- not allowed since `value` isn't mutable
// }
func foo(_ value: inout MyGreatClass) {
value = MyGreatClass("Bar")
}
print(ObjectIdentifier(a)) // <some pointer>
foo(&a)
print(ObjectIdentifier(a)) // <some other pointer>
In a function, if I'm being passed an int (which is immutable type, i.e let n), how come if I pass this into a function, I can create a var variable of this? Just wondering why swift works this way, and the reason for it .
func checkNum(_ n: Int) -> Bool {
var n = n
}
In this, it let's me do this.
This is called "shadowing" and is allowed in a variety of places because it's convenient for the programmer because it avoids having two similarly named variables in scope. Without this feature, this code would be:
func checkNum(_ n: Int) -> Bool {
var writableN = n
...
}
This raises the possibility of modifying writableN, and then using n again later in the function unintentionally. It also can make the function a bit harder to understand because of the extra variable. (Of course shadowing can also make code more difficult to understand as well, if it's used without care.)
This is very similar to the if let shadowing, such as:
var x: Int? = ...
if let x = x { ... }
This allows you to use x inside the if let as a non-Optional rather than having to come up with some other name for it.
This is a fairly general feature. Whenever there is a new scope, variables can shadow. For example, you can declare variables inside a function that have the same name as properties or globals. You can create scopes inside a function as well
func checkNum(_ n: Int) -> Bool {
var n = n // Shadows previous `let`
do {
let n = 4 // Shadows previous `var`
print(n)
}
return true
}
Used with care, this is helpful. Used too often (as this last example definitely does), it can make the code very confusing.
Your specific case touches on another important aspect of Swift, which is that it tries to control shared mutable state. The n that the function receives is a copy of the integer that was passed. Modifying n would never directly modify the caller's variable. (There's inout to allow this, but it's subtle. It does't share state. It copies the value in, and on return, copies the value back out.)
Since n isn't shared with the caller, Swift makes this very explicit by making it immutable. If you want to modify it, you need to explicitly make another copy, and var n = n does that.
'var' as a parameter attribute has been deprecated in Swift 3 so that is no longer possible. You can get a similar behaviour by using an inout parameter
func checkNum(_ n: inout Int) -> Bool {
n + 1
}
Remember to call the function by passing the parameter like this: checkNum(&n)
I am going through the following tutorial on RxSwift:
http://adamborek.com/thinking-rxswift/
and having trouble understanding the following pattern:
searchBar.rx.text.orEmpty
------------> .flatMap { [spotifyClient] query in
return spotifyClient.rx.search(query: query)
}.map { tracks in
return tracks.map(TrackRenderable.init)
}
This square brackets input parameter: [spotifyClient] query seems very weird for me. I looked over official Apple documentation for closures and functions and I can not see any examples of such input parameters. In Objective C this would not bother me much, but it is Swift. Could anyone explain, what this parameter means here?
You will need to understand the variable capturing of closure idea.
Consider this example:
struct Calculator {
var a: Int
var b: Int
var sum: Int {
return a + b
}
}
Then you use this as:
let calculator = Calculator(a: 3, b: 5)
// You define a closure where you will use this calculator instance
let closure = {
// closure captures the variables that are declared prior to the declaration of the closure.
// your calculator instance is being captured here
// it's default variable capture
print("The result is \(calculator.sum)")
}
closure() // Prints "The result is 8"
Till now, everything is okay. You get what's expected.
Now consider you declare the calculator instance as var because in some point you need to mutate it's state. This is the case where complexity arises. Look:
var calculator = Calculator(a: 3, b: 5)
let closure = {
print("The result is \(calculator.sum)")
}
// You change the state of your calculator instance anytime before the closure gets executed
calculator.b = 20
// When the closure actually executes, you will be affected by any changes outside the closure
closure() // Prints "The result is 23"
So, the default variable capture isn't really helping you, instead it's creating problem in your case.
If you want to prevent this behaviour and print 8 even if the properties change after their capturing inside the closure, we can explicitly capture the variable with a capture list like this:
// [calculator] is your capture list
let closure = { [calculator] in
print("The result is \(calculator.sum)")
}
// change anything with calculator instance
calculator.b = 20
// execute the closure
closure() // Prints "The result is 8"
Capture List keeps immutable copy of the variable(s). Thanks to this copy, further changes to calculator, outside the closure, will not affect the closure.
You can capture multiple variables at once, hence it's called Capture List. Example:
let closure = { [variable1, variable2, variable3] in
print(variable1)
print(variable2)
print(variable3)
}
I recommend you read this article Capturing Values In Swift Closures.
Now, in your case spotifyClient is an instance of a class that may be responsible to make API calls. This instance may need some changes for calling different APIs. So, to prevent the affect of any changes to spotifyClient outside this closure you capture this instance in a Capture List.
Capture List vs. Parameter List:
You are confusing the parameter list with the capture list. The generic syntax is:
{ [capture list] (parameter list) in
...
...
}
Now take a look at the modified version of the above example:
let closure: (String)-> Void = { [calculator] stringParameter in // When using single parameter, you can always omit the () parentheses
print("\(stringParameter). The result is \(calculator.sum)")
}
// change anything with calculator instance
calculator.b = 20
// execute the closure
closure("Hey") // Prints "Hey. The result is 8"
I'd like to create a function that will iterate over an array (or collection or sequence). Then I will call that function with an array, and the reversed version of the array (but efficiently: without creating a new array to hold the reverse).
If I do this:
func doIteration(points: [CGPoint]) {
for p in points {
doSomethingWithPoint(p)
}
// I also need random access to points
doSomethingElseWithPoint(points[points.count-2]) // ignore obvious index error
}
And if I have this:
let points : [CGPoint] = whatever
I can do this just fine:
doIteration(points)
But then if I do this:
doIteration(points.reverse())
I get 'Cannot convert value of type 'ReverseRandomAccessCollection<[CGPoint]> to expected argument type [_]'
Now, I DON'T want to do this:
let reversedPoints : [CGPoint] = points.reverse()
doIteration(reversedPoints)
even though it will work, because that will (correct me if I'm wrong) create a new array, initializing it from the ReverseRandomAccessCollection returned by reverse().
So I guess I'd like to write my doIteration function to take some sort of sequence type, so I can pass in the result of reverse() directly, but ReverseRandomAccessCollection doesn't conform to anything at all. I think I'm missing something - what's the accepted pattern here?
If you change your parameter's type to a generic, you should get the functionality you need:
func doIteration
<C: CollectionType where C.Index: RandomAccessIndexType, C.Generator.Element == CGPoint>
(points: C) {
for p in points {
doSomethingWithPoint(p)
}
doSomethingElseWithPoint(points[points.endIndex - 2])
}
More importantly, this won't cause a copy of the array to be made. If you look at the type generated by the reverse() method:
let points: [CGPoint] = []
let reversed = points.reverse() // ReverseRandomAccessCollection<Array<__C.CGPoint>>
doIteration(reversed)
You'll see that it just creates a struct that references the original array, in reverse. (although it does have value-type semantics) And the original function can accept this new collection, because of the correct generic constraints.
You can do this
let reversedPoints : [CGPoint] = points.reverse()
doIteration(reversedPoints)
or this
doIteration(points.reverse() as [CGPoint])
but I don't think there is any real difference by the point of view of a the footprint.
Scenario 1
let reversedPoints : [CGPoint] = points.reverse()
doIteration(reversedPoints)
Infact in this case a new Array containing references to the CGPoint(s) present in the original array is created. This thanks to the Copy-on-write mechanism that Swift used to manage structures.
So the memory allocated is the following:
points.count * sizeOf(pointer)
Scenario 2
On the other hand you can write something like this
doIteration(points.reverse() as [CGPoint])
But are you really saving memory? Let's see.
A temporary variable is created, that variable is available inside the scope of the function doIteration and requires exactly a pointer for each element contained in points so again we have:
points.count * sizeOf(pointer)
So I think you can safely choose one of the 2 solutions.
Considerations
We should remember that Swift manages structures in a very smart way.
When I write
var word = "Hello"
var anotherWord = word
On the first line Swift create a Struct and fill it with the value "Hello".
On the second line Swift detect that there is no real reason to create a copy of the original String so writes inside the anotherWord a reference to the original value.
Only when word or anotherWord is modified Swift really create a copy of the original value.
I know about the ampersand as a bit operation but sometimes I see it in front of variable names. What does putting an & in front of variables do?
It works as an inout to make the variable an in-out parameter. In-out means in fact passing value by reference, not by value. And it requires not only to accept value by reference, by also to pass it by reference, so pass it with & - foo(&myVar) instead of just foo(myVar)
As you see you can use that in error handing in Swift where you have to create an error reference and pass it to the function using & the function will populate the error value if an error occur or pass the variable back as it was before
Why do we use it? Sometimes a function already returns other values and just returning another one (like an error) would be confusing, so we pass it as an inout. Other times we want the values to be populated by the function so we don't have to iterate over lots of return values, since the function already did it for us - among other possible uses.
It means that it is an in-out variable. You can do something directly with that variable. It is passed by address, not as a copy.
For example:
var temp = 10
func add(inout a: Int){
a++
}
add(inout:&temp)
temp // 11
There's another function of the ampersand in the Swift language that hasn't been mentioned yet. Take the following example:
protocol Foo {}
protocol Bar {}
func myMethod(myVar: Foo & Bar) {
// Do something
}
Here the ampersand syntax is stating that myVar conforms to both the Foo and Bar protocol.
As another use case, consider the following:
func myMethod() -> UIViewController & UITableViewDataSource {
// Do something
}
Here we're saying that the method returns a class instance (of UIViewController) that conforms to a certain protocol (UITableViewDataSource). This is rendered somewhat obsolete with Swift 5.1's Opaque Types but you may see this syntax in pre-Swift 5.1 code from time to time.
If you put & before a variable in a function, that means this variable is inout variable.
#Icaro already described what it means, I will just give an example to illustrate the difference between inout variables and in variables:
func majec(inout xValue:Int, var yValue:Int) {
xValue = 100
yValue = 200
}
var xValue = 33
var yValue = 33
majec(&xValue, yValue: yValue)
xValue //100
yValue //33
As noted in other answers, you use prefix & to pass a value to an inout parameter of a method or function call, as documented under Functions > Function Argument Labels and Parameter Names > In-Out Parameters in The Swift Programming Language. But there's more to it than that.
You can, in practice, think about Swift inout parameters and passing values to them as being similar to C or C++ pass-by-address or pass-by-reference. In fact, the compiler will optimize many uses of inout parameters down to roughly the same mechanics (especially when you're calling imported C or ObjC APIs that deal in pointers). However, those are just optimizations — at a semantic level, inout really doesn't pass addresses around, which frees the compiler to make this language construct more flexible and powerful.
For example, here's a struct that uses a common strategy for validating access to one of its properties:
struct Point {
private var _x: Int
var x: Int {
get {
print("get x: \(_x)")
return _x
}
set {
print("set x: \(newValue)")
_x = newValue
}
}
// ... same for y ...
init(x: Int, y: Int) { self._x = x; self._y = y }
}
(In "real" code, the getter and setter for x could do things like enforcing minimum/maximum values. Or x could do other computed-property tricks, like talking to a SQL database under the hood. Here we just instrument the call and get/set the underlying private property.)
Now, what happens when we pass x to an inout parameter?
func plusOne(num: inout Int) {
num += 1
}
var pt = Point(x: 0, y: 1)
plusOne(num: &pt.x)
// prints:
// get x: 0
// set x: 1
So, even though x is a computed property, passing it "by reference" using an inout parameter works the same as you'd expect it to if x were a stored property or a local variable.
This means that you can pass all sorts of things "by reference" that you couldn't even consider in C/C++/ObjC. For example, consider the standard library swap function, that takes any two... "things" and switches their values:
var a = 1, b = 2
swap(&a, &b)
print(a, b) // -> 2 1
var dict = [ "Malcolm": "Captain", "Kaylee": "Mechanic" ]
swap(&dict["Malcolm"], &dict["Kaylee"])
print(dict) // -> ["Kaylee": "Captain", "Malcolm": "Mechanic"], fanfic ahoy
let window1 = NSWindow()
let window2 = NSWindow()
window1.title = "window 1"
window2.title = "window 2"
var windows = [window1, window2]
swap(&windows[0], &windows[1])
print(windows.map { $0.title }) // -> ["window 2", "window 1"]
The the way inout works also lets you do fun stuff like using the += operator on nested call chains:
window.frame.origin.x += 10
... which is a whole lot simpler than decomposing a CGRect just to construct a new one with a different x coordinate.
This more nuanced version of the inout behavior, called "call by value result", and the ways it can optimize down to C-style "pass by address" behavior, is covered under Declarations > Functions > In-Out Parameters in The Swift Programming Language.