How to stop word wrapping in emacs - emacs

I was playing around with word wrapping yesterday and now I am getting an annoying behavior in my emacs (23.1). When typing in my latex documents the paragraphs are automatically wrapping. As an example, if I open a finished tex document and want to add a space in the middle of a paragraph the entire paragraph gets resized from covering the entire width of the screen to only covering approximately 1/4 of the screen (lines are wrapping around 68-72 columns wide).
Prior to changing anything I saved my original .emacs file, and I have restored the original .emacs to no benefit. I suspect I may have screwed something up in my AucTex configuration, but I cannot find anything to fix this. Any pointers on places to check will be appreciated.

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Display larger indentation for files that are indented with just two spaces

I'm working on a project that is using 2 spaces as indentation.
I have a hard time reading code with such small indentation, so my question is:
Question: Can I make vscode show the two spaces as if they were wider (for example double the width)?
(I could of course solve it in a hackish way, by converting each file on checkout, and convert it back before i commit it, but that would be very tedious and error prone. I could also try to convince the project to convert the whole project to tabs, so that everyone can use their own preferred indentation. But I don't want to go into that discussion for every project I work on :) )
I have written the extension Indent Whitespace that decorates each space used in indentation with additional spaces (cursor will skip the decoration).
The decorated spaces are colored with a very transparent red.
With a setting you can change the number of spaces to add, default 1.
If you delete spaces with Delete it looks funny because the selection does not change, use the Arrow keys to update the decorations.
In a later version I will make the decoration color a setting, and also only update the decoration when the file changes (only important for large files, and fix the delete-update rendering).
I think you can't.
There is no such setting in VS Code. As of version 1.13, you can change the kerning, but this changes the spacing between all characters. You cannot do this only for a single character (or a set of characters).
The space width is a property of the font. Microsoft has a guideline that defines what is the ideal space size for a font. But this does not mean you cannot change it yourself when designing one. So I created a version of Roboto Mono which space character is 4x the original one.
This works on Notepad and MS Word, we can see the space is quite big. However, using the exact same font in VS Code, the space is still small, independently of the font being monospaced or not.
Illustration
Somehow, it looks like VS Code ignores space size in the font and decides by itself what is the best value.

increase 'buffer' column width in buffer list view

I am working with rather longish file names and when viewing the buffer list, the width of the Buffer column is too short for my purposes.
How can I increase that width (at the expense of, say, the width of the Mode or the File columns).
Width I am trying to increase marked with yellow in the screenshot below:
In Emacs 24.3 and later, this is controlled by the variable Buffer-menu-name-width, which defaults to 19 on my system. Something like
(setq Buffer-menu-name-width 40)
should help. Alternatively, you can use something like M-x customize-variable to change it.
In older Emacs versions, Buffer-menu-buffer+size-width should be modified instead. Thanks to the OP for his edit pointing this out.
It looks like the File column fills up whatever space is left over, so this change should take space away from it. If you prefer to take space from the Mode column, you could also modify the Buffer-menu-mode-width variable to something smaller.

Why are these line heights varied?

Note the attached screenshot from my Emacs 24. It is in Fundamental mode, no visual line mode is turned on, and I don't think I've turned on any word wrap mode either:
You can clearly see that the lines at the bottom are closer together than the lines at the top, but I have no idea why.. it's all just text? Why is emacs doing that?
This is the mode I am in:
Update: It just occured to me that perhaps this issue is that I am copying/pasting this text into emacs as I take notes from a PDF I am reading. Perhaps emacs is somehow getting formatting based from this copy/paste? I thought this was a text-only file with no formatting, but perhaps that is not true?
The issue is due to unusual quote symbols, both apostrophes and quotation marks, that are affecting the line heights. Removing these and using "normal" quote marks resolves the issue.

lazy loading of only the first N lines in emacs org-mode

Is there a way to tell org-mode to load only the first N lines of a long text file? I would like to keep the whole file open to be able to search through it, but have org-mode display on the first N lines of my file, which is where I edit new content.
If you have a structured outline in org-mode, you can set the global file visibility with the #+STARTUP markup, or the visibility of any heading with the VISIBILITY property, see Visibility Cycling for details. The benefit of using the built-in org-mode properties is that it's easy to have a file open up in exactly the state you want.
I have my journal file set up to accomplish something similar what I think you're asking for using these org-mode properties. The "Today" section is opened so I can see everything, but older archives are collapsed.
I'm not sure the title really fits the description?
I think you just want use buffer narrowing, which lets you hide everything outside of the specified region for as long as necessary.
You can manually narrow the buffer by marking the region and typing C-xnn
Widen the display back to the full buffer with C-xnw
I guess you could use an eval Local Variable to automate this to a pre-defined region, if you really wanted to.
There's also narrow-to-defun (C-xnd) and narrow-to-page (C-xnp). If you throw a page break into your org file (C-qC-l), the latter might prove handy.

Wrapping variable width text in Emacs Lisp

I am hacking up a tagging application for emacs. I have got a tag cloud/weighted list successfully displaying on a buffer, but i am running into a snag. I need to be able to properly word-wrap the buffer, but I haven't a clue where to start.
The font I am using is a variable width font. On top of that, each tag is going to be in a different size, depending on how many times it shows up on the buffer. Finally, the window that displays the tagcloud could be in a window that is 200 pixels wide, or the full screen width.
I really have no idea where to start. I tried longlines mode on the tagcloud buffer, but that didn't work.
Source code is at: http://emacswiki.org/cgi-bin/emacs/free-tagging.el
You probably want to track posn-at-point and posn-at-x-y as you put the tags in the buffer.
Can you use (fill-paragraph) or (fill-region) or similar? They wrap at a column, so don't have variable width font smarts, but if the fill column is low they might work for next to no effort. At least until you get a pixel-perfect solution sorted out :-) (maybe YAGNI...)