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How to refer Spark RDD element multiple times using underscore notations.
For example I need to convert RDD[String] to RDD[(String, Int)]. I can create anonymous function using function variables but I would like to do this using Underscore notation. How I can achieve this.
PFB sample code.
val x = List("apple", "banana")
val rdd1 = sc.parallelize(x)
// Working
val rdd2 = rdd1.map(x => (x, x.length))
// Not working
val rdd3 = rdd1.map((_, _.length))
Why does the last line above not work?
An underscore or (more commonly) a placeholder syntax is a marker of a single input parameter. It's nice to use for simple functions, but can get tricky to get right with two or more.
You can find the definitive answer in the Scala language specification's Placeholder Syntax for Anonymous Functions:
An expression (of syntactic category Expr) may contain embedded underscore symbols _ at places where identifiers are legal. Such an expression represents an anonymous function where subsequent occurrences of underscores denote successive parameters.
Note that one underscore references one input parameter, two underscores are for two different input parameters and so on.
With that said, you cannot use the placeholder twice and expect that they'll reference the same input parameter. That's not how it works in Scala and hence the compiler error.
// Not working
val rdd3 = rdd1.map((_, _.length))
The above is equivalent to the following:
// Not working
val rdd3 = rdd1.map { (a: String, b: String) => (a, b.length)) }
which is clearly incorrect as map expects a function of one input parameter.
I have the following case class
case class Cart(userId: Int, ProductId :Int, SellerId:Int, Qty: Int)
I have the following lists :
val mergedCart :List[Cart]= List(Cart(900,1,1,2),Cart(900,2,2,2),Cart(901,3,3,2),Cart(901,2,2,2),Cart(901,1,1,2),Cart(900,4,2,1))
val userCart:List[Cart] = List(Cart(900,1,1,2),Cart(900,2,2,2),Cart(900,4,2,1))
val guestCart:List[Cart] = List(Cart(901,3,3,2),Cart(901,2,2,2),Cart(901,1,1,2))
val commonCart = List(Cart(900,2,2,4), Cart(900,1,1,4))
My requirement is that I have to get the following list as the output:
List(Cart(900,2,2,4),Cart(900,1,1,4),Cart(901,3,3,2),Cart(900,4,2,1))
The final list should have the common objects from userCart and guestCart based on the ProductId,SellerId combination and the quantity of both the objects get added. Then, the other objects present in userCart and guestCart which do not match the common objects should also be present in the final list in the output.
I am new to Scala and I am not able to solve this, kindly help me with this code.
If you don't care about ordering in resulting list (so basically your result is a Set) , it's as simple as that:
def sum(a: Cart, b: Cart) = {
//require(a.userId == b.userId)
a.copy(Qty = a.Qty + b.Qty)
}
(userCart ++ guestCart)
.groupBy(x => x.ProductId -> x.SellerId)
.mapValues(_.reduce(sum _))
.values
.toList //toSet is more appropriate here
Results:
List(Cart(900,4,2,1), Cart(900,2,2,4), Cart(900,1,1,4), Cart(901,3,3,2))
(!) Be aware that I just took first userId in case of collision (see sum function). However, it preserves priority of users over guests if that's what implied.
Being represented as a Set, this result equals to your requirement:
scala> val mRes = List(Cart(900,4,2,1), Cart(900,2,2,4), Cart(900,1,1,4), Cart(901,3,3,2))
mRes: List[Cart] = List(Cart(900,4,2,1), Cart(900,2,2,4), Cart(900,1,1,4), Cart(901,3,3,2))
scala> val req = List(Cart(900,2,2,4),Cart(900,1,1,4),Cart(901,3,3,2),Cart(900,4,2,1))
req: List[Cart] = List(Cart(900,2,2,4), Cart(900,1,1,4), Cart(901,3,3,2), Cart(900,4,2,1))
scala> mRes.toSet == req.toSet
res17: Boolean = true
Explanations:
++ concatenates two lists
groupBy groups values by some predicate (like x.ProductId -> x.SellerId which equivalent to a tuple (x.ProductId, x.SellerId) in your case). It preserves order inside group, but groups themselves aren't ordered - that's why order in resulting list is undefined. The operator returns Map[Key, List[Value]], in your case Map[(Int, Int), List[Cart]]
mapValues iterates over lists with carts
reduce inside mapValues reduces List with carts by summing carts using sum function
I didn't have to reattach objects with unique (x.ProductId, x.SellerId) as they were represented just as lists with one element, so reduce function didn't touch them - it just returned first (and only) element.
a.copy(Qty = ...) makes copy of a with modified Qty field. In our case I take left element as a template, so elements that preced in the (userCart ++ guestCart) would have higher priority when userId is chosen.
Answering the headline's question about subtracting two sets:
scala> Set(1,2,3,4) - 4
res16: scala.collection.immutable.Set[Int] = Set(1, 2, 3)
scala> Set(1,2,3,4) -- Set(3,4)
res15: scala.collection.immutable.Set[Int] = Set(1, 2)
If elements of sets are instances of case classes (given that hashCode/equals methods weren't overridden) - it would compare all fields in order to check equality between two elements.
There is a theoretical connection of groupBy solution with a set theory. First, you can easily notice that my solution is representable with SQL's GROUP BY + AGGREGATE (groupBy with reduce-catamorphism in Scala). SQL is mostly based on relational-algebra, which in its turn partially based on set-theory, so here it is.
P.S. field/value/variable name in scala should always start with lowercase letter by convention. First capital letter means a constant.
I am a newbie in scala and I need to sort a very large list with 40000 integers.
The operation is performed many times. So performance is very important.
What is the best method for sorting?
You can sort the list with List.sortWith() by providing a relevant function literal. For example, the following code prints all elements of sorted list which contains all elements of the initial list in alphabetical order of the first character lowercased:
val initial = List("doodle", "Cons", "bible", "Army")
val sorted = initial.sortWith((s: String, t: String)
=> s.charAt(0).toLower < t.charAt(0).toLower)
println(sorted)
Much shorter version will be the following with Scala's type inference:
val initial = List("doodle", "Cons", "bible", "Army")
val sorted = initial.sortWith((s, t) => s.charAt(0).toLower < t.charAt(0).toLower)
println(sorted)
For integers there is List.sorted, just use this:
val list = List(4, 3, 2, 1)
val sortedList = list.sorted
println(sortedList)
just check the docs
List has several methods for sorting. myList.sorted works for types with already defined order (like Int or String and others). myList.sortWith and myList.sortBy receive a function that helps defining the order
Also, first link on google for scala List sort: http://alvinalexander.com/scala/how-sort-scala-sequences-seq-list-array-buffer-vector-ordering-ordered
you can use List(1 to 400000).sorted
I have a list details of this type :
case class Detail(point: List[Double], cluster: Int)
val details = List(Detail(List(2.0, 10.0),1), Detail(List(2.0, 5.0),3),
Detail(List(8.0, 4.0),2), Detail(List(5.0, 8.0),2))
I want filter this list into a tuple which contains a sum of each corresponding point where the cluster is 2
So I filter this List :
details.filter(detail => detail.cluster == 2)
which returns :
List(Detail(List(8.0, 4.0),2), Detail(List(5.0, 8.0),2))
It's the summing of the corresponding values I'm having trouble with. In this example the tuple should contain (8+5, 4+8) = (13, 12)
I'm thinking to flatten the List and then sum each corresponding value but
List(details).flatten
just returns the same List
How to sum the corresponding values in the List into a Tuple ?
I could achieve this easily using a for loop and just extract the details I need into a counter but what is the functional solution ?
What do you want to happen if the lists for different Details have different lengths?
Or same length which is different from 2? Tuples are generally only used when you need a fixed in advance number of elements; you won't even be able to write a return type if you need tuples of different lengths.
Assuming that all of them are lists of the same length and you get a list in return, something like this should work (untested):
details.filter(_.cluster == 2).map(_.point).transpose.map(_.sum)
I.e. first get all points as a list of lists, transpose it so you get a list for each "coordinate", and sum each of these lists.
If you do know that each point has two coordinates, this should likely be reflected in your Point type, by using (Double, Double) instead of List[Double] and you can just fold over the list of points, which should be a bit more efficient. Look at definition of foldLeft and the standard implementation of sum in terms of foldLeft:
def sum(list: List[Int]): Int = list.foldLeft(0)((acc, x) => acc + x)
and it should be easy to do what you want.
You can use just one foldLeft with PF without filter:
details.foldLeft((0.0,0.0))({
case ((accX, accY), Detail(x :: y :: Nil, 2)) => (accX + x, accY + y)
case (acc, _) => acc
})
res1: (Double, Double) = (13.0,12.0)
Lists are immutable in Scala, so I'm trying to figure out how I can "remove" - really, create a new collection - that element and then close the gap created in the list. This sounds to me like it would be a great place to use map, but I don't know how to get started in this instance.
Courses is a list of strings. I need this loop because I actually have several lists that I will need to remove the element at that index from (I'm using multiple lists to store data associated across lists, and I'm doing this by simply ensuring that the indices will always correspond across lists).
for (i <- 0 until courses.length){
if (input == courses(i) {
//I need a map call on each list here to remove that element
//this element is not guaranteed to be at the front or the end of the list
}
}
}
Let me add some detail to the problem. I have four lists that are associated with each other by index; one list stores the course names, one stores the time the class begins in a simple int format (ie 130), one stores either "am" or "pm", and one stores the days of the classes by int (so "MWF" evals to 1, "TR" evals to 2, etc). I don't know if having multiple this is the best or the "right" way to solve this problem, but these are all the tools I have (first-year comp sci student that hasn't programmed seriously since I was 16). I'm writing a function to remove the corresponding element from each lists, and all I know is that 1) the indices correspond and 2) the user inputs the course name. How can I remove the corresponding element from each list using filterNot? I don't think I know enough about each list to use higher order functions on them.
This is the use case of filter:
scala> List(1,2,3,4,5)
res0: List[Int] = List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
scala> res0.filter(_ != 2)
res1: List[Int] = List(1, 3, 4, 5)
You want to use map when you are transforming all the elements of a list.
To answer your question directly, I think you're looking for patch, for instance to remove element with index 2 ("c"):
List("a","b","c","d").patch(2, Nil, 1) // List(a, b, d)
where Nil is what we're replacing it with, and 1 is the number of characters to replace.
But, if you do this:
I have four lists that are associated with each other by index; one
list stores the course names, one stores the time the class begins in
a simple int format (ie 130), one stores either "am" or "pm", and one
stores the days of the classes by int
you're going to have a bad time. I suggest you use a case class:
case class Course(name: String, time: Int, ampm: String, day: Int)
and then store them in a Set[Course]. (Storing time and days as Ints isn't a great idea either - have a look at java.util.Calendar instead.)
First a few sidenotes:
List is not an index-based structure. All index-oriented operations on it take linear time. For index-oriented algorithms Vector is a much better candidate. In fact if your algorithm requires indexes it's a sure sign that you're really not exposing Scala's functional capabilities.
map serves for transforming a collection of items "A" to the same collection of items "B" using a passed in transformer function from a single "A" to single "B". It cannot change the number of resulting elements. Probably you've confused map with fold or reduce.
To answer on your updated question
Okay, here's a functional solution, which works effectively on lists:
val (resultCourses, resultTimeList, resultAmOrPmList, resultDateList)
= (courses, timeList, amOrPmList, dateList)
.zipped
.filterNot(_._1 == input)
.unzip4
But there's a catch. I actually came to be quite astonished to find out that functions used in this solution, which are so basic for functional languages, were not present in the standard Scala library. Scala has them for 2 and 3-ary tuples, but not the others.
To solve that you'll need to have the following implicit extensions imported.
implicit class Tuple4Zipped
[ A, B, C, D ]
( val t : (Iterable[A], Iterable[B], Iterable[C], Iterable[D]) )
extends AnyVal
{
def zipped
= t._1.toStream
.zip(t._2).zip(t._3).zip(t._4)
.map{ case (((a, b), c), d) => (a, b, c, d) }
}
implicit class IterableUnzip4
[ A, B, C, D ]
( val ts : Iterable[(A, B, C, D)] )
extends AnyVal
{
def unzip4
= ts.foldRight((List[A](), List[B](), List[C](), List[D]()))(
(a, z) => (a._1 +: z._1, a._2 +: z._2, a._3 +: z._3, a._4 +: z._4)
)
}
This implementation requires Scala 2.10 as it utilizes the new effective Value Classes feature for pimping the existing types.
I have actually included these in a small extensions library called SExt, after depending your project on which you'll be able to have them by simply adding an import sext._ statement.
Of course, if you want you can just compose these functions directly into the solution:
val (resultCourses, resultTimeList, resultAmOrPmList, resultDateList)
= courses.toStream
.zip(timeList).zip(amOrPmList).zip(dateList)
.map{ case (((a, b), c), d) => (a, b, c, d) }
.filterNot(_._1 == input)
.foldRight((List[A](), List[B](), List[C](), List[D]()))(
(a, z) => (a._1 +: z._1, a._2 +: z._2, a._3 +: z._3, a._4 +: z._4)
)
Removing and filtering List elements
In Scala you can filter the list to remove elements.
scala> val courses = List("Artificial Intelligence", "Programming Languages", "Compilers", "Networks", "Databases")
courses: List[java.lang.String] = List(Artificial Intelligence, Programming Languages, Compilers, Networks, Databases)
Let's remove a couple of classes:
courses.filterNot(p => p == "Compilers" || p == "Databases")
You can also use remove but it's deprecated in favor of filter or filterNot.
If you want to remove by an index you can associate each element in the list with an ordered index using zipWithIndex. So, courses.zipWithIndex becomes:
List[(java.lang.String, Int)] = List((Artificial Intelligence,0), (Programming Languages,1), (Compilers,2), (Networks,3), (Databases,4))
To remove the second element from this you can refer to index in the Tuple with courses.filterNot(_._2 == 1) which gives the list:
res8: List[(java.lang.String, Int)] = List((Artificial Intelligence,0), (Compilers,2), (Networks,3), (Databases,4))
Lastly, another tool is to use indexWhere to find the index of an arbitrary element.
courses.indexWhere(_ contains "Languages")
res9: Int = 1
Re your update
I'm writing a function to remove the corresponding element from each
lists, and all I know is that 1) the indices correspond and 2) the
user inputs the course name. How can I remove the corresponding
element from each list using filterNot?
Similar to Nikita's update you have to "merge" the elements of each list. So courses, meridiems, days, and times need to be put into a Tuple or class to hold the related elements. Then you can filter on an element of the Tuple or a field of the class.
Combining corresponding elements into a Tuple looks as follows with this sample data:
val courses = List(Artificial Intelligence, Programming Languages, Compilers, Networks, Databases)
val meridiems = List(am, pm, am, pm, am)
val times = List(100, 1200, 0100, 0900, 0800)
val days = List(MWF, TTH, MW, MWF, MTWTHF)
Combine them with zip:
courses zip days zip times zip meridiems
val zipped = List[(((java.lang.String, java.lang.String), java.lang.String), java.lang.String)] = List((((Artificial Intelligence,MWF),100),am), (((Programming Languages,TTH),1200),pm), (((Compilers,MW),0100),am), (((Networks,MWF),0900),pm), (((Databases,MTWTHF),0800),am))
This abomination flattens the nested Tuples to a Tuple. There are better ways.
zipped.map(x => (x._1._1._1, x._1._1._2, x._1._2, x._2)).toList
A nice list of tuples to work with.
List[(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.String)] = List((Artificial Intelligence,MWF,100,am), (Programming Languages,TTH,1200,pm), (Compilers,MW,0100,am), (Networks,MWF,0900,pm), (Databases,MTWTHF,0800,am))
Finally we can filter based on course name using filterNot. e.g. filterNot(_._1 == "Networks")
List[(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.String, java.lang.String)] = List((Artificial Intelligence,MWF,100,am), (Programming Languages,TTH,1200,pm), (Compilers,MW,0100,am), (Databases,MTWTHF,0800,am))
The answer I am about to give might be overstepping what you have been taught so far in your course, so if that is the case I apologise.
Firstly, you are right to question whether you should have four lists - fundamentally, it sounds like what you need is an object which represents a course:
/**
* Represents a course.
* #param name the human-readable descriptor for the course
* #param time the time of day as an integer equivalent to
* 12 hour time, i.e. 1130
* #param meridiem the half of the day that the time corresponds
* to: either "am" or "pm"
* #param days an encoding of the days of the week the classes runs.
*/
case class Course(name : String, timeOfDay : Int, meridiem : String, days : Int)
with which you may define an individual course
val cs101 =
Course("CS101 - Introduction to Object-Functional Programming",
1000, "am", 1)
There are better ways to define this type (better representations of 12-hour time, a clearer way to represent the days of the week, etc), but I won't deviate from your original problem statement.
Given this, you would have a single list of courses:
val courses = List(cs101, cs402, bio101, phil101)
And if you wanted to find and remove all courses that matched a given name, you would write:
val courseToRemove = "PHIL101 - Philosophy of Beard Ownership"
courses.filterNot(course => course.name == courseToRemove)
Equivalently, using the underscore syntactic sugar in Scala for function literals:
courses.filterNot(_.name == courseToRemove)
If there was the risk that more than one course might have the same name (or that you are filtering based on some partial criteria using a regular expression or prefix match) and that you only want to remove the first occurrence, then you could define your own function to do that:
def removeFirst(courses : List[Course], courseToRemove : String) : List[Course] =
courses match {
case Nil => Nil
case head :: tail if head == courseToRemove => tail
case head :: tail => head :: removeFirst(tail)
}
Use the ListBuffer is a mutable List like a java list
var l = scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer("a","b" ,"c")
print(l) //ListBuffer(a, b, c)
l.remove(0)
print(l) //ListBuffer(b, c)