I'm developing a game for iPhone in OpenGL ES 1.1; I have a lot of textured quads in a data structure where each node has a list of children nodes. So I traverse the structure from the root, and do the render of each quad, then its childs and so on.
The thing is, for each quad I'm calling glVertexPointer to set the vertices.
Should I avoid calling it for each quad? Will improve performance calling just once for example?
glVertexPointer copies the vertices to GPU memory or just saves the pointer?
Trying to minimize the number of calls will not be easy since each node may have a different quad. I have a lot of equal sprites with the same vertex data, but I'm not necessarily rendering one after another since I may be drawing a different sprite between them.
Thanks.
glVertexPointer keeps just the pointer, but incurs a state change in the OpenGL driver and an explicit synchronisation, so costs quite a lot. Normally when you say 'here's my data, please draw', the GPU starts drawing and continues to do so in parallel to whatever is going on on the CPU for as long as it can. When you change rendering state, it needs to finish whatever it was doing in the old state. So by changing once per quad, you're effectively forcing what could be concurrent processing to be consecutive. Hence, avoiding glVertexPointer (and, presumably, a glDrawArrays or glDrawElements?) per quad should give you a significant benefit.
An immediate optimisation is simply to keep a count of the number of quads in total in the data structure, allocate a single target buffer for vertices that is at least that size and have all quads copy their geometry into the target buffer rather than calling glVertexPointer each time. Then call glVertexPointer and your drawing calls (condensed to just one call also, hopefully) with the one big array at the end. It's a bit more costly on the CPU side but the parallelism and lack of repeated GPU/CPU synchronisations should save you a lot.
While tiptoeing around topics currently under NDA, I strongly suggest you look at the Xcode 4 beta. Amongst other features Apple have stated publicly to be present is an OpenGL ES profiler. So you can easily compare approaches.
To copy data to the GPU, you need to use a vertex buffer object. That means creating a buffer with glGenBuffers, pushing data to it with glBufferData and then posting a glVertexPointer with an address of e.g. 0 if the first byte in the data you uploaded is the first byte of your vertices. In ES 1.x, you can upload data as GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW to flag that you intend to update it quite often and draw from it quite often. It's probably worth doing if you can get into a position where you're drawing more often than you're uploading.
If you ever switch to ES 2.x there's also GL_STREAM_DRAW, which may be worth investigating but isn't directly relevant to your question. I mention it as it'll likely come up if you Google for vertex buffer objects, being available on desktop OpenGL. Options for ES 1.x are only GL_STATIC_DRAW and GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW.
I've just recently worked on an iPad ES 1.x application with objects that change every frame but are drawn twice per the rendering pipeline in use. There are only five such objects on screen, each 40 vertices, but switching from the initial implementation to the VBO implementation cut 20% off my total processing time.
Related
I'm trying to implement a state preserving particle system on the iPhone using OpenGL ES 2.0. By state-preserving, I mean that each particle is integrated forward in time, having a unique velocity and position vector that changes with time and can not be calculated from the initial conditions at every rendering call.
Here's one possible way I can think of.
Setup particle initial conditions in VBO.
Integrate particles in vertex shader, write result to texture in fragment shader. (1st rendering call)
Copy data from texture to VBO.
Render particles from data in VBO. (2nd rendering call)
Repeat 2.-4.
The only thing I don't know how to do efficiently is step 3. Do I have to go through the CPU? I wonder if is possible to do this entirely on the GPU with OpenGL ES 2.0. Any hints are greatly appreciated!
I don't think this is possible without simply using glReadPixels -- ES2 doesn't have the same flexible buffer management that OpenGL has to allow you to copy buffer contents using the GPU (where, for example, you could copy data between the texture and vbo, or use simply use transform feedback which is basically designed to do exactly what you want).
I think your only option if you need to use the GPU is to use glReadPixels to copy the framebuffer contents back out after rendering. You probably also want to check and use EXT_color_buffer_float or related if available to make sure you have high precision values (RGBA8 is probably not going to be sufficient for your particles). If you're intermixing this with normal rendering, you probably want to build in a bunch of buffering (wait a frame or two) so you don't stall the CPU waiting for the GPU (this would be especially bad on PowerVR since it buffers a whole frame before rendering).
ES3.0 will have support for transform feedback, which doesn't help but hopefully gives you some hope for the future.
Also, if you are running on an ARM cpu, it seems like it'd be faster to use NEON to quickly update all your particles. It can be quite fast and will skip all the overhead you'll incur from the CPU+GPU method.
I am working on drawing large directed acyclic graphs in WebGL using the gwt-g3d library as per the technique shown here: http://www-graphics.stanford.edu/papers/h3/
At this point, I have a simple two-level graph rendering:
Performance is terrible -- it takes about 1.5-2 seconds to render this thing. I'm not an OpenGL expert, so here is the general approach I am taking. Maybe somebody can point out some optimizations that will get this rendering quicker.
I am astonished how long it takes to push the MODELVIEW matrix and buffers to the graphics card. This is where the lion's share of the time is wasted. Should I instead be doing MODELVIEW transformations in the vertex shader?
This leads me to believe that manipulating the MODELVIEW matrix and pushing it once for each node shouldn't be a bad practice, but the timings don't lie:
https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/27042/translate-the-modelview-matrix-or-change-vertex-coordinates
Group nodes in larger chunks instead of rendering them separately. Do background caching of all geometry with applied transformations that most likely will not be modified and store it in one buffer and render in one call.
Another solution: Store nodes(box + line) in one buffer(You can store more than you need at current time) and their transformations in texture. apply transformations in vertex shader based on node index(texture coordinates) It should be faster drastically faster.
To test support use this site. I have MAX_VERTEX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS | 4
Best solution will be Geometry Instancing but it currently isn't supported in WebGL.
I'd like to hear what people think the optimal draw calls are for Open GL ES (on the iphone).
Specifically I've read in many places that it is best to minimise the number of calls to glDrawArrays/glDrawElements - I think Apple say 10 should be the max in their recent WWDC presentation. As I understand it to do this you need to put all the vertices into one array if possible, so you only need to make the drawArrays call once.
But I am confused because this surely means you can't use the translate, rotate, scale functions, because it would apply across the whole geometry. Which is fine except doesn't that mean you need to pre-calculate every vertex position yourself, rather than getting open gl to do it?
Also, doesn't it mean you can't use any of the fan/strip settings unless you just have a continuous shape?
These drawbacks make me think I'm not understanding something correctly, so I guess I'm looking for confirmation that I should:
Be trying to make an uber array of all triangles to draw.
Resign myself to the fact I'll have to work out all the vertex positions myself.
Forget about push'ing and pop'ing each thing to draw into it's desired location
Is that what others do?
Thanks
Vast question, batching is always a matter of compromise.
The ideal structure for performance would be, as you mention, to one single array containing all triangles to draw.
Starting from here, we can start adding constraints :
One additional constraint is that
having vertex indices in 16bits saves
bandwidth and memory, and probably
the fast path for your platform. So
you could consider grouping triangles
in chunks of 65536 vertices.
Then, if you want to switch the
shader/material/glState used to draw
geometry, you have no choice (*) but
to emit one draw call per
shader/material/glState. So grouping
triangles could consider grouping by
shaderID/materialID/glStateID.
Next, if you want to animate things,
you have no choice (*) but to
transmit your transform matrix to GL,
and then issue a draw call. So
grouping triangles could consider
grouping triangles by 'transform
groups', for example, all static
geometry together, animated geometry
that have common transforms can be
grouped too.
In these cases, you'd have to transform the vertices yourself (using CPU) before merging the meshes together.
Regarding triangle strips, you can transform any mesh in strips, even if it has discontinuities in its topology, by introducing degenerate triangles. So this is a technique that always apply.
All in all, reducing draw calls is a game of compromises, some techniques might work well for a 3d model, while others may be more suited for other 3d models. IMHO, the key is to be creative and to carefully benchmark your application to see if your changes actually improve performance on your target platform.
HTH, cheers,
(*) actually there are techniques that allow to reduce the number of draw calls in these cases, such as :
texture atlases to group different textures in a single one, to prevent
switching textures in GL, thus
allowing to limit draw calls
(pseudo) hardware instancing that allow shaders to fetch transforms
from various sources to transform
mesh instances in different ways.
...
I have been trying to perform some OpenGL ES performance optimizations in an attempt to boost the number of triangles per second that I'm able to render in my iPhone application, but I've hit a brick wall. I've tried converting my OpenGL ES data types from fixed to floating point (per Apple's recommendation), interleaving my vertex buffer objects, and minimizing changes in drawing state, but none of these changes have made a difference in rendering speed. No matter what, I can't seem to push my application above 320,000 triangles / s on an iPhone 3G running the 3.0 OS. According to this benchmark, I should be able to hit 687,000 triangles/s on this hardware with the smooth shading I'm using.
In my testing, when I run the OpenGL ES performance tool in Instruments against the running device, I'm seeing the statistic "Tiler Utilization" reaching nearly 100% when rendering my benchmark, yet the "Renderer Utilization" is only getting to about 30%. This may be providing a clue as to what the bottleneck is in the display process, but I don't know what these values mean, and I've not found any documentation on them. Does someone have a good description of what this and the other statistics in the iPhone OpenGL ES instrument stand for? I know that the PowerVR MBX Lite in the iPhone 3G is a tile-based deferred renderer, but I'm not sure what the difference would be between the Renderer and Tiler in that architecture.
If it helps in any way, the (BSD-licensed) source code to this application is available if you want to download and test it yourself. In the current configuration, it starts a little benchmark every time you load a new molecular structure and outputs the triangles / s to the console.
The Tiler Utilization and Renderer Utilization percentages measure the duty cycle of the vertex and fragment processing hardware, respectively. On the MBX, Tiler Utilization typically scales with the amount of vertex data being sent to the GPU (in terms of both the number of vertices and the size of the attributes sent per-vertex), and Fragment Utilization generally increases with overdraw and texture sampling.
In your case, the best thing would be to reduce the size of each vertex you’re sending. For starters, I’d try binning your atoms and bonds by color, and sending each of these bins using a constant color instead of an array. I’d also suggest investigating if shorts are suitable for your positions and normals, given appropriate scaling. You might also have to bin by position in this case, if shorts scaled to provide sufficient precision aren’t covering the range you need. These sorts of techniques might require additional draw calls, but I suspect the improvement in vertex throughput will outweigh the extra per-draw call CPU overhead.
Note that it’s generally beneficial (on MBX and elsewhere) to ensure that each vertex attribute begins on a 32-bit boundary, which implies that you should pad your positions and normals out to 4 components if you switch them to shorts. The peculiarities of the MBX platform also make it such that you want to actually include the W component of the position in the call to glVertexPointer in this case.
You might also consider pursuing alternate lighting methods like DOT3 for your polygon data, particularly the spheres, but this requires special care to make sure that you aren’t making your rendering fragment-bound, or inadvertently sending more vertex data than before.
Great answer, #Pivot! For reference, this Apple doc defines these terms:
Renderer Utilization %. The percentage of time the GPU spent performing fragment processing.
Tiler Utilization %. The percentage of time the GPU spent performing vertex processing and tiling.
Device Utilization %. The percentage of time the GPU spent doing any tiling or rendering work.
I'm working on an iPhone App that relies heavily on OpenGL. Right now it runs a bit slow on the iPhone 3G, but looks snappy on the new 32G iPod Touch. I assume this is hardware related. Anyway, I want to get the iPhone performance to resemble the iPod Touch performance. I believe I'm doing a lot of things sub-optimally in OpenGL and I'd like advice on what improvements will give me the most bang for the buck.
My scene rendering goes something like this:
Repeat 35 times
glPushMatrix
glLoadIdentity
glTranslate
Repeat 7 times
glBindTexture
glVertexPointer
glNormalPointer
glTexCoordPointer
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, ...)
glPopMatrix
My Vertex, Normal and Texture Coords are already interleaved.
So, what steps should I take to speed this up? What step would you try first?
My first thought is to eliminate all those glBindTexture() calls by using a Texture Atlas.
What about some more efficient matrix operations? I understand the gl*() versions aren't too efficient.
What about VBOs?
Update
There are 8260 triangles.
Texture sizes are 64x64 pngs. There are 58 different textures.
I have not run instruments.
Update 2
After running the OpenGL ES Instrument on the iPhone 3G I found that my Tiler Utilization is in the 90-100% range, and my Render Utilization is in the 30% range.
Update 3
Texture Atlasing had no noticeable affect on the problem. Utilization ranges are still as noted above.
Update 4
Converting my Vertex and Normal pointers to GL_SHORT seemed to improve FPS, but the Tiler Utilization is still in the 90% range a lot of the time. I'm still using GL_FLOAT for my texture coordinates. I suppose I could knock those down to GL_SHORT and save four more bytes per vertex.
Update 5
Converting my texture coordinates to GL_SHORT yielded another performance increase. I'm now consistently getting >30 FPS. Tiler Utilization is still around 90%, but frequently drops down in the the 70-80% range. The Renderer Utilization is hovering around 50%. I suppose this might have something to do with scaling the texture coordinates from GL_TEXTURE Matrix Mode.
I'm still seeking additional improvements. I'd like to get closer to 40 FPS, as that's what my iPod Touch gets and it's silky smooth there. If anyone is still paying attention, what other low-hanging fruit can I pick?
With a tiler utilization still above 90%, you’re likely still vertex throughput-bound. Your renderer utilization is higher because the GPU is rendering more frames. If your primary focus is improving performance on older devices, then the key is still to cut down on the amount of vertex data needed per triangle. There are two sides to this:
Reducing the amount of data per vertex: Now that all of your vertex attributes are already GL_SHORTs, the next thing to pursue is finding a way to do what you want using fewer attributes or components. For example, if you can live without specular highlights, using DOT3 lighting instead of OpenGL ES fixed-function lighting would replace your 3 shorts (+ 1 short of padding) for normals with 2 shorts for an extra texture coordinate. As an additional bonus, you’d be able to light your models per-pixel.
Reducing the number of vertices needed per triangle: When drawing with indexed triangles, you should make sure that your indices are sorted for maximum reuse. Running your geometry through Imagination Technologies’ PVRTTriStrip tool would probably be your best bet here.
If you only have 58 different 64x64 textures, a texture atlas seems like a good idea, since they'd all fit in a single 512x512 texture... if you don't rely on texture wrap modes, I'd certainly at least try this.
What format are your textures in? You might try using a compressed PVRTC texture; I think that's less load on the Tiler, and I've been pleasantly surprised by the image quality even for 2-bit-per-pixel textures. (Good for natural images, not good if you're doing something that looks like an 8-bit video game)
The first thing I would do is run Instruments profiling on the hardware device that is slow. It should show you pretty quickly where the bottlenecks are for your particular case.
Update after instruments results:
This question has a similar result in Instruments to you, perhaps the advice is also applicable in your case (basically reducing number vertex data)
The biggest win in graphics programming comes down to this:
Batch, Batch, Batch
TextureAtlasing will make a bigger difference than most anything else you can do. Switching textures is like stopping a speeding train to let on new passengers every time.
Combine all those textures into an atlas and cut your draw calls down a lot.
This web-based tool may be helpful: http://zwoptex.zwopple.com/
Have you looked over the "OpenGL ES Programming Guide for iPhone OS" in the dev center? There are sections on Best Practices for Vertex Data and Texture Data.
Is your data formatted to be able to use triangle strips?
In terms of least effort, the modification sequence for you would probably be:
Reducing vertex attribute size
VBOs
Note that when you do these, you need to make sure that components are aligned on their native alignment, i.e. the floats or full ints are on 4-byte boundaries, the shorts are on 2-byte boundaries. If you don't do this it will tank your performance. It might be helpful to mentally map it by typing out your attribute ordering as a struct definition so you can sanity check your layout and alignment.
making sure your data is stripped to share vertices
using a texture atlas to reduce texture swaps
To try converting your textures to 16-bit RGB565 format, see this code in Apple's venerable Texture2D.m, search for kTexture2DPixelFormat_RGB565
http://code.google.com/p/cocos2d-iphone/source/browse/branches/branch-0.1/OpenGLSupport/Texture2D.m
(this code loads PNGs and converts them to RGB565 at texture creation time; I don't know if there's an RGB565 file format as such)
For more information on PVRTC compressed textures (which looked way better than I expected when I used them, even at 2 bits per pixel) see Apple's PVRTextureLoader sample:
http://developer.apple.com/iPhone/library/samplecode/PVRTextureLoader/index.html
it has both the code for loading PVRTC textures in your app and also instructions for using the texturetool to convert your .png files into .pvr files.