I want to create a trigger, somehow like this:
CREATE TRIGGER foo
AFTER UPDATE OR INSERT ON bar
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE baz(NEW.id);
The part with NEW.id doesn't work. How can I send values from the changed row (id for instance) to the trigger-function.
The trigger function (procedure) knows NEW and OLD automatically. No need to pass those as parameters.
Read more in the chapter on Trigger Procedures in the manual:
When a PL/pgSQL function is called as a trigger, several special
variables are created automatically in the top-level block. They are:
NEW
Data type RECORD; variable holding the new database row for INSERT/UPDATE operations in row-level triggers. This variable is NULL
in statement-level triggers and for DELETE operations.
Related
So I am new to using procedures and triggers and it is really confusing me
I have used temporal tables and want to basically create a history table of records inserted,updated or deleted.
Infact I have created my history table and works fine when I use this trigger sql
DROP TRIGGER if exists versioning_trigger on mytable;
CREATE TRIGGER versioning_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON mytable FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE versioning('sys_period', 'table_history', true);
This creates records of the rows updated or deleted,precisely copies the old row record from mytable into table_history table and updates the record in mytable.But I want to insert the updated record from mytable to table_history also so that it has records of all types('current active record'and 'record before updation').Also insert some other fields in table_history when the trigger is executed.
I want to ask
How is it possible to have different trigger events(BEFORE or AFTER) together in one CREATE TRIGGER query in temporal_tables?
Is it possible to insert new field values in table_history on trigger execution? How can I accomplish this?
https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/plpgsql-trigger.html
A trigger procedure is created with the CREATE FUNCTION command,
declaring it as a function with no arguments and a return type of
trigger
and also
same trigger can't fire both before and after event - just create two triggers if you really need it
https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-createtrigger.html
Determines whether the function is called before, after, or instead of
the event.
use NEW instead of OLD for new values
https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/plpgsql-trigger.html
NEW
Data type RECORD; variable holding the new database row for
INSERT/UPDATE operations in row-level triggers. This variable is
unassigned in statement-level triggers and for DELETE operations.
I am new to PostgreSQL and wondering if there is a way to create one trigger function for insert and update operations which can be called from multiple tables?
Yes, you can create one trigger procedure and call it from different tables. From within the trigger procedure you can access several special variables which provide metadata about the table which called the trigger i.e.TG_TABLE_NAME and TG_TABLE_SCHEMA. Using those metadata you can accurately define what the trigger have to do depending on which table called it.
From the documentation:
TG_TABLE_NAME Data type name; the name of the table that caused the
trigger invocation.
TG_TABLE_SCHEMA Data type name; the name of the
schema of the table that caused the trigger invocation.
The variable TG_OP provide the operation which caused the trigger to be called:
TG_OP Data type text; a string of INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, or TRUNCATE
telling for which operation the trigger was fired.
Other very useful special variables are NEW and OLD. They contain the old and the new data which are changed by the database operation:
NEW Data type RECORD; variable holding the new database row for
INSERT/UPDATE operations in row-level triggers. This variable is
unassigned in statement-level triggers and for DELETE operations.
OLD Data type RECORD; variable holding the old database row for
UPDATE/DELETE operations in row-level triggers. This variable is
unassigned in statement-level triggers and for INSERT operations.
I have a pretty simple trigger:
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_log_datei()
RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
BEGIN
INSERT INTO logs (aktion, tabelle, benutzer_id) VALUES(TG_OP, 'dateien', NEW.benutzer_id);
END; $$ LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';
CREATE TRIGGER log_datei AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE
ON dateien
FOR EACH STATEMENT
EXECUTE PROCEDURE f_log_datei();
My table logs is the following:
CREATE TABLE logs(
id int PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT NEXTVAL('logs_id_seq'),
zeit timestamp DEFAULT now(),
aktion char(6),
tabelle varchar(32),
alt varchar(256),
neu varchar(256),
benutzer_id int references benutzer(id)
);
After inserting something in dateien I get the following error:
ERROR: record "new" is not assigned yet
DETAIL: The tuple structure of a not-yet-assigned record is indeterminate.
CONTEXT: SQL statement "INSERT INTO logs (aktion, tabelle, benutzer_id) VALUES(TG_OP, 'dateien', NEW.benutzer_id)"
PL/pgSQL function "f_log_datei" line 3 at SQL statement
Why did I get this error? I looked into the documentation and it seems they use new in the same way I do.
From the fine manual:
36.1. Overview of Trigger Behavior
[...]
For a row-level trigger, the input data also includes the NEW row for INSERT and UPDATE triggers, and/or the OLD row for UPDATE and DELETE triggers. Statement-level triggers do not currently have any way to examine the individual row(s) modified by the statement.
And from Trigger Procedures:
NEW
Data type RECORD; variable holding the new database row for INSERT/UPDATE operations in row-level triggers. This variable is NULL in statement-level triggers and for DELETE operations.
Note what it says about row-level triggers and statement-level triggers.
You have a statement-level trigger:
...
FOR EACH STATEMENT
EXECUTE PROCEDURE f_log_datei();
Statement-level triggers are triggered once per statement and a statement can apply to multiple rows so the notion of affected row (which is what NEW and OLD are about) simply doesn't apply.
If you want to use NEW (or OLD) in a trigger then you want the trigger to execute for each affected row and that means you want a row-level trigger:
CREATE TRIGGER log_datei AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE
ON dateien
FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE f_log_datei();
I just changed FOR EACH STATEMENT to FOR EACH ROW.
Your trigger should also be returning something:
A trigger function must return either NULL or a record/row value having exactly the structure of the table the trigger was fired for.
[...]
The return value of a row-level trigger fired AFTER or a statement-level trigger fired BEFORE or AFTER is always ignored; it might as well be null. However, any of these types of triggers might still abort the entire operation by raising an error.
So you should RETURN NEW; or RETURN NULL; in your trigger. You have an AFTER trigger so it doesn't matter which RETURN you use but I'd go with RETURN NEW;.
I use DB2 Express-C.
I have ON INSERT trigger on a table, where I insert the new row into another table.
Is there a way not to insert the new row into the table on which the trigger is defined?
Any help is appreciated, thank you
Take a look at create trigger and the INSTEAD OF option:
Specifies that the associated triggered action replaces the action
against the subject view. Only one INSTEAD OF trigger is allowed for
each kind of operation on a given subject view (SQLSTATE 428FP).
Typically something like this can be done by evaluating whether a special register (e.g., CURRENT USER) has a particular value.
create trigger trigger1
after insert on schema.table
referencing new as n
for each row
when (CURRENT USER <> 'NAMSARAY')
insert into schema.tablecopy values (n.c1, n.c2, ...);
If you are on DB2 9.7 or later, you could also consider defining a variable and using that variable as a control of whether or not the trigger will perform its action.
create variable schema.var1 smallint default 0;
Then you can check the value of this variable in the trigger. Unless an application has explicitly set the variable to a predetermined value (-9999 in the example below), the trigger will fire:
create trigger trigger2
after insert on schema.table
referencing new as n
for each row
when (schema.var1 <> -9999)
insert into schema.tablecopy values (n.c1, n.c2, ...);
I have two tables representing two different types of imagery. I am using PostGIS to represent the boundaries of those images. Here is a simplified example of those tables:
CREATE TABLE img_format_a (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
file_path VARCHAR(1000),
boundary GEOGRAPHY(POLYGON, 4326)
);
CREATE TABLE img_format_p (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
file_path VARCHAR(1000),
boundary GEOGRAPHY(POLYGON, 4326)
);
I also have a cross reference table, which I want to contain all the IDs of the images that overlap each other. Whenever an image of type "A" gets inserted into the database, I want to check to see whether it overlaps any of the existing imagery of type "P" (and vice versa) and insert corresponding entries into the img_a_img_p cross reference table. This table should represent a many-to-many relationship.
My first instinct is to write a trigger to manage thisimg_a_img_p table. I've never created a trigger before, so let me know if this is a silly thing to do, but it seems to make sense to me. So I create the following trigger:
CREATE TRIGGER update_a_p_cross_reference
AFTER INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE OF boundary
ON img_format_p FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE check_p_cross_reference();
The part where I am getting stuck is with writing the trigger function. My code is in Java and I see that there are tools like PL/pgSQL, but I'm not sure if that's what I should use or if I even need one of those special add-ons.
Essentially all I need the trigger to do is update the cross reference table each time a new image gets inserted into either img_format_a or img_format_p. When a new image is inserted, I would like to use a PostGIS function like ST_Intersects to determine whether the new image overlaps with any of the images in the other table. For each image pair where ST_INTERSECTS returns true, I would like to insert a new entry into img_a_img_p with the ID's of both images. Can someone help me figure out how to write this trigger function? Here is some pseudocode:
SELECT * FROM img_format_p P
WHERE ST_Intersects(A.boundary, P.boundary);
for each match in selection {
INSERT INTO img_a_img_p VALUES (A.id, P.id);
}
You could wrap the usual INSERT ... SELECT idiom in a PL/pgSQL function sort of like this:
create function check_p_cross_reference() returns trigger as
$$
begin
insert into img_a_img_p (img_a_id, img_p_id)
select a.id, p.id
from img_format_a, img_format_p
where p.id = NEW.id
and ST_Intersects(a.boundary, p.boundary);
return null;
end;
$$ language plpgsql;
Triggers have two extra variables, NEW and OLD:
NEW
Data type RECORD; variable holding the new database row for INSERT/UPDATE operations in row-level triggers. This variable is NULL in statement-level triggers and for DELETE operations.
OLD
Data type RECORD; variable holding the old database row for UPDATE/DELETE operations in row-level triggers. This variable is NULL in statement-level triggers and for INSERT operations.
So you can use NEW.id to access the new img_format_p value that's going in. You (currently) can't use the plain SQL language for triggers:
It is not currently possible to write a trigger function in the plain SQL function language.
but PL/pgSQL is pretty close. This would make sense as an AFTER INSERT trigger:
CREATE TRIGGER update_a_p_cross_reference
AFTER INSERT
ON img_format_p FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE check_p_cross_reference();
Deletes could be handled with a foreign key on img_a_img_p and a cascading delete. You could use your trigger for UPDATEs as well:
CREATE TRIGGER update_a_p_cross_reference
AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OF boundary
ON img_format_p FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE PROCEDURE check_p_cross_reference();
but you'd probably want to clear out the old entries before inserting the new ones with something like:
delete from img_a_img_p where img_p_id = NEW.id;
before the INSERT...SELECT statement.