uart transmit buffer ready signal getting stuck for serial transmission - operating-system

terminal uart driver without interrupt enabled
void TerminalInit_polledio(int term_num)
{
int BAUD_RATE = 9600;
int divisor = 115200 / BAUD_RATE;
// first setup our vars
terminals[term_num].echo_mode = TRUE;
terminals[term_num].missed_intr = TRUE;
// Use a pair of sems. One limits available space in the output queue
// (terminal display), the other limits chars that are typed from the
// terminal. As part of initialization, the count of the output queue
// is set to the capacity of the char queue
// terminals[term_num].out_sid = SemInit(CHAR_Q_SIZE);
// a circular q, capacity CHAR_Q_SIZE
// terminals[term_num].in_sid = SemInit(0);
InitCharQ(&terminals[term_num].in_q); // initially empty
InitCharQ(&terminals[term_num].out_q); // initially empty
InitCharQ(&terminals[term_num].echo_q); // initially empty
// then setup the terminal for 7-E-1 at 9600 baud
// abbrevs:
// CFCR Char Format Control Reg, MSR Modem Status Reg, IIR Intr Indicator Reg
// MCR Modem Control Reg, IER Intr Enable Reg, LSR Line Status Reg
// ERXRDY Enable Recv Ready, ETXRDY Enable Xmit Ready
// LSR_TSRE Line Status Reg Xmit+Shift Regs Empty
outportb(terminals[term_num].io_base + CFCR, CFCR_DLAB); // CFCR_DLAB is 0x80
outportb(terminals[term_num].io_base + BAUDLO,LOBYTE(divisor));
outportb(terminals[term_num].io_base + BAUDHI,HIBYTE(divisor));
outportb(terminals[term_num].io_base + CFCR,CFCR_8BITS ); //8-N-1
outportb(terminals[term_num].io_base + IER,0);
// raise DTR & RTS of the serial port to start read/write
outportb(terminals[term_num].io_base + MCR, MCR_DTR | MCR_RTS | MCR_IENABLE);
outportb(terminals[term_num].io_base + IER,0);
//IO_DELAY();
//outportb(terminals[term_num].io_base + IER, IER_ERXRDY | IER_ETXRDY);
//IO_DELAY();
//FIFO stuff
outportb(terminals[term_num].io_base + FIFO, FIFO_ENABLE | FIFO_TRIGGER_8);
outportb(terminals[term_num].io_base + FIFO, FIFO_RCV_RESET | FIFO_XMT_RESET);
}
u8 get_serial_char_polledio() {
u8 status;
//printf("=>");
while(!(inportb(terminals[FT_TERM].io_base + LSR) & LSR_RXRDY)){
//cons_printf("%2.0x_",status);
}
return (inportb(terminals[FT_TERM].io_base + DATA) & 0x7F);
}
void put_serial_char_polledio(u8 ch) {
char status = inportb(terminals[FT_TERM].io_base + LSR) & LSR_TXRDY ;
while(!status) {
//cons_printf(" <%2.0x_%c> ",status,ch);
}
outportb(terminals[FT_TERM].io_base + DATA, ch);
inportb(terminals[FT_TERM].io_base + LSR) & LSR_TXRDY ;
// cons_printf(" <%2.0x_%c> ",status,ch);
}
void uart_out(){
char ch = 'A';
while(1){
put_serial_char_polledio(ch);
//printf("%c ",get_serial_char_polledio());
}
}
uart_out() is the method that gets dispatched and run as a process in my operating system, but after putting or transmitting char A for once, the process gets stalled and no more characters are put out. is there anything i am missing ?

Related

MCP79411 RTC connection via i2c/TWI interface on Atmel SAMG55

I've made a project based on ATSAMG55J19 MCU, programmed with Atmel Studio and ASF 3
Now i'm trying to add an external RTC clock, because internal SAMg55 rtc does not have a backup battery.
The module will be used to read current time after power failure, then i'll use internal RTC, so i need only basic communication. No need to write specific data in EEPROM or setting alarms.
I have a MCP79411, connected via i2c, but there aren't any library suitable for this MCU that uses ASF TWI library.
There are many Arduino implementation, but they uses Wire.h library, and i can't port it.
I made an attempt porting this simple "driver": https://www.ccsinfo.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=54105
Here is some code
static void i2c_start(void){
static twi_options_t ext3_twi_options;
flexcom_enable(FLEXCOM4);
flexcom_set_opmode(FLEXCOM4, FLEXCOM_TWI);
ext3_twi_options.master_clk = sysclk_get_cpu_hz();
ext3_twi_options.speed = 100000;
ext3_twi_options.smbus = 0;
twi_master_init(TWI4, &ext3_twi_options);
}
// Init Real Time Clock
void rtc_Init(void)
{
uint8_t seconds = 0;
i2c_start();
twi_write_byte(TWI4, ADDR_RTCC_WRITE); // WR to RTC
twi_write_byte(TWI4, ADDR_SEC); // REG 0
twi_write_byte(TWI4, ADDR_RTCC_READ); // RD from RTC
seconds = bcd2bin(i2c_read(0)); // Read current "seconds" in rtc
//i2c_stop();
//seconds &= 0x7F;
seconds |= 0x80; //set to 1 bit 7 of seconds(ST) enabling oscillator
delay_us(3);
twi_write_byte(TWI4, ADDR_RTCC_WRITE); // WR to RTC
twi_write_byte(TWI4, ADDR_SEC); // REG 0
twi_write_byte(TWI4, bin2bcd(seconds) | 0x80); // Start oscillator with current "seconds value
twi_write_byte(TWI4, ADDR_RTCC_WRITE); // WR to RTC
twi_write_byte(TWI4, 0x07); // Control Register
twi_write_byte(TWI4, 0x80); // Disable squarewave output pin
//i2c_stop();
}
Then i tried rtc_set_date_time(uint8_t day, uint8_t mth, uint8_t year, uint8_t dow, uint8_t hr, uint8_t min, uint8_t sec)
and
void rtc_get_time(uint8_t &hr, uint8_t &min, uint8_t &sec)
{
twi_write_byte(TWI4, ADDR_RTCC_WRITE);
twi_write_byte(TWI4, 0x00);
twi_write_byte(TWI4, ADDR_RTCC_READ);
sec = bcd2bin(twi_read_byte(TWI4) & 0x7f); //0x7f b01111111
min = bcd2bin(twi_read_byte(TWI4) & 0x7f); //0x7f
hr = bcd2bin(twi_read_byte(TWI4) & 0x3f); //0x3f b00111111
//i2c_stop();
}
But i always get "0" bytes.
i could not understand the correct way to open communication and read bytes from i2c.
The only reference i found is http://asf.atmel.com/docs/latest/sam.drivers.twi.twi_eeprom_example.samg53_xplained_pro/html/index.html but it seems to be a very different type of communication.
What is the correct way to send and receive that bytes via i2c?
I managed to get and set data. I post a draft of library:
#include "asf.h"
#include "conf_board_3in4out.h"
#include "external_rtc.h"
#include <time.h>
//#include <time_utils.h>
twi_packet_t packet_tx, packet_rx;
// helper functions to manipulate BCD and binary to integers
static int bcd2dec(char r_char)
{
MSN = (r_char & 0xF0)/16;
LSN = r_char & 0x0F;
return(10*MSN + LSN);
}
static char msn(char tim)
{
return (tim & 0xF0)/16;
}
static char lsn(char tim)
{
return (tim & 0x0F);
}
#define RTC_ADDR 0x6F // 7 bits
char config_t[10];
char config_2[8];
char tim_read[8];
#define ADDR_SEC 0x00 // address of SECONDS register
#define ADDR_MIN 0x01 // address of MINUTES register
#define ADDR_HOUR 0x02 // address of HOURS register
#define ADDR_DAY 0x03 // address of DAY OF WEEK register
#define ADDR_STAT 0x03 // address of STATUS register
#define ADDR_DATE 0x04 // address of DATE register
#define ADDR_MNTH 0x05 // address of MONTH register
#define ADDR_YEAR 0x06 // address of YEAR register
#define ADDR_CTRL 0x07 // address of CONTROL register
#define ADDR_CAL 0x08 // address of CALIB register
#define ADDR_ULID 0x09 // address of UNLOCK ID register
#define ADDR_SAVtoBAT_MIN 0x18 // address of T_SAVER MIN(VDD->BAT)
#define ADDR_SAVtoBAT_HR 0x19 // address of T_SAVER HR (VDD->BAT)
#define ADDR_SAVtoBAT_DAT 0x1a // address of T_SAVER DAT(VDD->BAT)
#define ADDR_SAVtoBAT_MTH 0x1b // address of T_SAVER MTH(VDD->BAT)
#define START_32KHZ 0x80 // start crystal: ST = b7 (ADDR_SEC)
#define OSCON 0x20 // state of the oscillator(running or not)
#define VBATEN 0x08 // enable battery for back-up
static uint8_t bin2bcd(uint8_t binary_value)
{
uint8_t temp;
uint8_t retval;
temp = binary_value;
retval = 0;
if(temp >= 10)
{
temp -= 10;
retval += 0x10;
}
else
{
retval += temp;
//break;
}
return(retval);
}
static uint8_t bcd2bin(uint8_t bcd_value)
{
uint8_t temp;
temp = bcd_value;
temp >>= 1;
temp &= 0x78;
return(temp + (temp >> 2) + (bcd_value & 0x0f));
}
static void setConfig(void){
config_2[0] = tim_read[0] | START_32KHZ; // bitwise OR sets Start osc bit = 1
config_2[1] = tim_read[1];
config_2[2] = tim_read[2];
//0x03h – Contains the BCD day. The range is 1-7.
//Bit 3 is the VBATEN bit. If this bit is set, the
//internal circuitry is connected to the VBAT pin
//when VCC fails. If this bit is ‘0’ then the VBAT pin is
//disconnected and the only current drain on the
//external battery is the VBAT pin leakage.
config_2[3] = tim_read[3] | VBATEN;
config_2[4] = tim_read[4];
config_2[5] = tim_read[5];
config_2[6] = tim_read[6];
config_2[7] = 0x00; // control b3 - extosc = 0
}
static void initialize(void){
uint8_t buf[7]; // Fill this with RTC clock data for all seven registers
// read stored time data
config_t[0] = 0x00; //reset pointer reg to '00'
// Set up config to read the time and set the control bits
//i2c.write(addr, config_t, 1); // write address 00
packet_tx.chip = RTC_ADDR;
packet_tx.addr[0] = 0; // RTCSEC
packet_tx.addr_length = 1;
packet_tx.buffer = config_t;
packet_tx.length = 1;
twi_master_write(TWI4, &packet_tx);
delay_ms(250);
//
//i2c.read(addr, tim_read, 7); //read time ss mm hh from r1, r2, r3
packet_rx.chip = RTC_ADDR;
packet_rx.addr[0] = 0; // RTCSEC
packet_rx.addr_length = 1;
packet_rx.buffer = tim_read;
packet_rx.length = sizeof(tim_read);
twi_master_read(TWI4, &packet_rx);
delay_ms(250);
setConfig(); //puts RTCC data into config array from tim_read array
// write the config data
//i2c.write(addr, config_t, 9); // write the config data back to the RTCC module
packet_tx.chip = RTC_ADDR;
packet_tx.addr[0] = 0; // RTCSEC
packet_tx.addr_length = 1;
packet_tx.buffer = config_2;
packet_tx.length = sizeof(config_2);
twi_master_write(TWI4, &packet_tx);
}
static void write_time(void){
// re-calculate mins
mins = 8; //ORE 10:08
mins = mins%60;
ch_mins = 16*(mins/10) + mins%10;
MSN = msn(ch_mins);
LSN = lsn(ch_mins);
tim_read[1] = ch_mins;
inc_mins = 0;
//write the data back to RTCC
setConfig();
//i2c.write(addr, config_t, 9);
/* Configure the data packet to be transmitted */
packet_tx.chip = RTC_ADDR;
packet_tx.addr[0] = 0; // RTCSEC
packet_tx.addr_length = 1;
packet_tx.buffer = config_2;
packet_tx.length = sizeof(config_2);
twi_master_write(TWI4, &packet_tx);
//Display and set hours
//hrs = bcd2dec(tim_read[2]);
// re-calculate hrs
hrs = 10; //ORE 10:08
hrs = hrs%24;
ch_hrs = 16*(hrs/10) + hrs%10;
MSN = msn(ch_hrs);
LSN = lsn(ch_hrs);
tim_read[2] = ch_hrs;
inc_hr = 0;
//write the data back to RTCC
setConfig();
/* Configure the data packet to be transmitted */
packet_tx.chip = RTC_ADDR;
packet_tx.addr[0] = 0; // RTCSEC
packet_tx.addr_length = 1;
packet_tx.buffer = config_2;
packet_tx.length = sizeof(config_2);
twi_master_write(TWI4, &packet_tx);
}
static void read_time(void){
//config_t[0] = 0x00; //reset pointer reg to '00'
//// First Get the time
////i2c.write(addr, config_t, 1); // write address 00
//packet_tx.chip = RTC_ADDR;
//packet_tx.addr[0] = 0; // RTCSEC
//packet_tx.addr_length = 1;
//packet_tx.buffer = config_t;
//packet_tx.length = 1;
//
//twi_master_write(TWI4, &packet_tx);
delay_ms(250);
uint8_t buf[7]; // Fill this with RTC clock data for all seven registers
/* Configure the data packet to be received */
packet_rx.chip = RTC_ADDR;
packet_rx.addr[0] = 0; // RTCSEC
packet_rx.addr_length = 1;
packet_rx.buffer = buf;
packet_rx.length = sizeof(buf);
twi_master_read(TWI4, &packet_rx);
for(uint8_t i = 0; i < sizeof(buf); i++){
tim_read[i] = buf[i];
}
}
void example_print_time(void){
//initialize();
delay_ms(1000);
//write_time(); //commented to see if time is permanent
delay_ms(1000);
read_time();
while(1){
printf("Reading time\n");
printf("%d:%d:%d\n", bcd2dec(tim_read[2]), bcd2dec(tim_read[1]), bcd2dec(tim_read[0] ^ START_32KHZ));
delay_ms(1000);
read_time();
}
}

STM32F103C8T6 can not communicate with HD44780

I'm trying to control a HD44780 16X2 LCD(4 bit
communication) using a STM32F103C8T6.
I connected the LCD this way:
RS => PA0
EN => PA2
RW Ground
D7 => PB7
D6 => PB6
D5 => PB5
D4 => PB4
The LCD doesn't display anything. Where might the problem be? Does anyone know something about this issue?
Here is my code:
#include "delay.h"
#include "stm32f10x.h" // Device header
void lcd_command(unsigned char command);
void lcd_init(void);
void lcdPosition(unsigned int row, unsigned int column);
void lcd_data(unsigned char data);
int main() {
delay_init();
RCC->APB2ENR |= 1 << 2; // Port A Enabled.
RCC->APB2ENR |= 1 << 3; // Port B Enabled.
GPIOA->CRL = 0x22222222; // A0 and A2 Output.
GPIOB->CRL = 0x22222222; // B7,B6,B5,B4 Output.
GPIOB->ODR = 0x00; // Port B clear.
delay_ms(20);
lcd_command(0x30); // Datasheet says.
delay_ms(5);
lcd_command(0x30); // Datasheet says.
delay_ms(1);
lcd_command(0x30); // Datasheet says.
delay_ms(1);
lcd_init();
lcdPosition(1, 1); // first row first column
delay_ms(1);
lcd_data('A'); // Letter A
while (1)
;
}
void lcd_command(unsigned char command) {
GPIOA->BRR |= 1 << 0; // RS reset.
GPIOA->BSRR |= 1 << 2; // E set.
GPIOB->ODR = command; // upper nibble
delay_ms(2); // delay
GPIOA->BRR |= 1 << 2; // E reset.
GPIOB->BRR = 0x000000F0; // clear data bits
delay_ms(2); // delay
command = command << 4; // lower nibble
GPIOA->BSRR |= 1 << 2; // E set.
GPIOB->ODR = command; // lower nibble
delay_ms(2); // delay
GPIOA->BRR |= 1 << 2; // E reset.
GPIOB->BRR = 0x000000FF; // clear data bits
}
void lcd_init() {
lcd_command(0x02); // Return
delay_ms(2); // delay
lcd_command(0x28);
set 4 - bit data, 2 - line, 5x7 font delay_ms(2); // delay
lcd_command(0x0C);
turn on display, cursor off.delay_ms(2); // delay
lcd_command(0x01); // Clear.
delay_ms(2); // delay
lcd_command(0x06);
move cursor right delay_ms(4); // delay
}
void lcdPosition(unsigned int row, unsigned int column) {
if (row == 1) {
column--;
lcd_command(0x80 + column); // Define row
} else if (row == 2) {
column--;
lcd_command(0xC0 + column); // Define column
}
}
void lcd_data(unsigned char data) {
GPIOA->BSRR |= 1 << 0; // RS reset.
GPIOA->BSRR |= 1 << 2; // E set.
GPIOB->ODR = data;
upper nibble first delay_ms(4); // delay
GPIOA->BRR |= 1 << 2; // E reset.
GPIOB->BRR = 0x000000F0; // clear data bits
delay_ms(4); // delay
data = data << 4; // lower nibble
GPIOA->BSRR |= 1 << 2; // E set.
GPIOB->ODR = data; // lower nibble
delay_ms(4); // delay
GPIOA->BRR |= 1 << 2; // E reset.
GPIOB->BRR = 0x000000FF; // clear data bits
}
Also PA0 and PA2 are not 5V tolerant pins, usually HD44780 is 5V device, if it runs on +5V refer to the datasheet in Table 5. "Medium-density STM32F103xx pin definitions", if the pin is 5V tolerant in column I/O level it should be denoted with FT!
Please read carefully how to initialize 4-bit interface in the datasheet at page 46, figure 24.
In short: your lcd_command sends two nibbles one after another, but you are required to send only one nibble for first several commands (since the display controller still is in the 8-bit mode). You'll need to have a separate function to send only one nibble.

stm32f4 write/read 16bits into two 8-bit gpio port

I try to write 16 bit data into two selected 8-bits gpio ports . I must split data for
LSB and MSB :
void LCD_write_command(uint16_t cmd) {
GPIOD->ODR = cmd & 0x00ff; //lsb
GPIOA->ODR = (GPIOA->ODR & 0x00ff) | (cmd >> 8); //msb
}
and read data :
uint16_t LCD_read_data(void) {
(here is instruct gpio as input)
volatile uint16_t data = 0;
data = (uint16_t)GPIOD->IDR & 0x00ff; //lsb
data |= (uint16_t)GPIOA->IDR << 8 ; // msb
(here is instruct gpio as output)
return data;
}
When i use one 16bit gpio to write and read everything is fine:
void LCD_write_command(uint16_t cmd) {
GPIOD->ODR = cmd & 0xffff;
}
uint16_t LCD_read_data(void) {
volatile uint16_t data = 0;
data = (uint16_t)GPIOD->IDR & 0xffff;
return data;
}
I relay dont know what im missing.
wtite_bits(uint16_t cmd)
{
uint32_t data = GPIOA -> ODR;
data &= ~(0x1fff);
data |= cmd & 0x1fff;
GPIOA -> ODR = data;
data = GPIOB -> ODR;
data &= ~(0x0007);
data |= (cmd & 0x8fff) >> 13;
GPIOB -> ODR = data;
}
preserve other bits in the register
You need to learn a bit more about bitwise operations.
Writing
void LCD_write_command(uint16_t cmd) {
uint32_t tmp = GPIOD->ODR;
tmp &= ~(0xff);
tmp |= (cmd & 0x00ff);
GPIOD->ODR = tmp; //lsb
tmp = GPIOA->ODR;
tmp &= ~(0xff);
tmp |= (cmd >> 8);
GPIOA->ODR = tmp; //msb
}
or
void LCD_write_command(uint16_t cmd) {
*(volatile uint8_t *)&GPIOD->ODR = cmd & 0xff;
*(volatile uint8_t *)&GPIOA->ODR = cmd >> 8; //msb
}
forcing the compiler to use 8 bit store instructions.
Before using non word access to the registers check in the RM if your micro allows it:
Non of yours sugested code works for me , below is original source code of handling with LCD:
void LCD_write_command(uint16_t cmd) {
GPIOB->BRR = LCD_CS; // LCD_CS low (chip select pull)
GPIOB->BRR = LCD_RS; // LCD_RS low (register select = instruction)
//GPIOA->ODR = cmd; // put cmd to PortA (full length)
// put cmd [0..12] bits to PortA (actual LCD_DB00..LCD_DB12)
// put cmd [13..15] bits to PortB (actual LCD_DB13..LCD_DB15)
GPIOA->ODR = cmd & 0x1fff;
GPIOB->ODR = (GPIOB->ODR & 0xfff8) | (cmd >> 13);
GPIOB->BRR = LCD_WR; // pull LCD_WR to low (write strobe start)
// Write strobe 66ns long by datasheet. GPIO speed on STM32F103 at 72MHz slower -> delay is unnecessary
// asm volatile ("nop");
GPIOB->BSRR = LCD_WR; // pull LCD_WR to high (write strobe end)
GPIOB->BSRR = LCD_CS; // LCD_CS high (chip select release)
}
I've checked RM and i can operate on 8-bit ,half word and word.
I had similar problem: need to write some bits to port at same time.
My output bits are on port B: 0,1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9 (see missing bit 3).
It is possible to read whole port (ODR), and/or bits and write it back.
Faster version is to set all bits:
GPIOB ->BSRR =0b00000000000000000000001111111011;
and then clear only ones needed:
GPIOB ->BRR =some_bits_to_clear;
It was like some custom 74LS154 chip.
Or even try to clear and set bits at same time using:
GPIOB ->BSRR =bits_to clear<<16 | bits_to_set;
Depending on situation, there are many ways to optimize code.

How to use Backup SRAM as EEPROM in STM32F4

There are two ways of emulating EEPROM on the STM32F4:
On-chip 4 Kbytes backup SRAM
On-chip Flash, with specific software algorithm
The second option is described here: AN3969.
But google, unfortunately, hasn't been able to provide information on how to use the first option - using the 4Kb of backup SRAM as EEPROM?..
Can anyone help on the topic?
must do these:
Enable the PWR clock
RCC_APB1PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB1Periph_PWR, ENABLE);
Enable access to the backup domain
PWR_BackupAccessCmd(ENABLE);
Enable backup SRAM Clock
RCC_AHB1PeriphClockCmd(RCC_AHB1Periph_BKPSRAM, ENABLE);
Enable the Backup SRAM low power Regulator to retain it's content in VBAT mode
PWR_BackupRegulatorCmd(ENABLE);
and you can write/read datas to sram (these codes from BKP_Domain codes in STM32F4xx_DSP_StdPeriph_Lib) (in my mcu stm32f417 BKPSRAM_BASE=0x40024000)
// Write to Backup SRAM with 32-Bit Data
for (i = 0x0; i < 0x100; i += 4) {
*(__IO uint32_t *) (BKPSRAM_BASE + i) = i;
}
// Check the written Data
for (i = 0x0; i < 0x100; i += 4) {
if ((*(__IO uint32_t *) (BKPSRAM_BASE + i)) != i){
errorindex++;
}
}
then if you want:
// Wait until the Backup SRAM low power Regulator is ready
while(PWR_GetFlagStatus(PWR_FLAG_BRR) == RESET)
{}
you can find these functions in STM32F4xx_DSP_StdPeriph_Lib.
after reading through the Reference Manual for stm32f4 and the stm32f405xx/stm32f407xx datasheet I agree that it isn't clear how to actually use the backup sram (or where it is located). Here is what I found. Both the RTC registers and backup SRAM contain some amount of storage that is maintained as long as you have battery power. The RTC contains 20 registers (80 bytes) and the backup sram (which is its own peripheral on AHB1 and located within the register address region) contains 0x1000 (4096 bytes). Neither are enabled by default.
in DM00037051 (stm32f405xx/stm32f407xx datasheet, p29):
The 4-Kbyte backup SRAM is an EEPROM-like memory area. It can be used to store
data which need to be retained in VBAT and standby mode. This memory area is
disabled by default to minimize power consumption (see Section 2.2.19:
Low-power modes). It can be enabled by software.
The backup registers are 32-bit registers used to store 80 bytes of user
application data when VDD power is not present. Backup registers are not reset
by a system, a power reset, or when the device wakes up from the Standby mode
(see Section 2.2.19: Low-power modes).
on page 71 of datasheet and p65 of the reference manual
AHB1 | 0x4002 4000 - 0x4002 4FFF | BKPSRAM
and page 73 of the datatasheet and p67 of the reference manual
APB1 | 0x4000 2800 - 0x4000 2BFF | RTC & BKP Registers
Page 118-119 of the reference manual contains information on enabling the backup SRAM and RTC registers.
NOTE: if you are already using the RTC in the backup domain and only need to store <= 80 bytes, then you are better off using the RTC backup registers because enabling the backup SRAM will basically double the current consumption (see table 25 in the stm32f405/7 datasheet).
here are my write and read functions for both backup SRAM and backup RTC registers
int8_t write_to_backup_sram( uint8_t *data, uint16_t bytes, uint16_t offset ) {
const uint16_t backup_size = 0x1000;
uint8_t* base_addr = (uint8_t *) BKPSRAM_BASE;
uint16_t i;
if( bytes + offset >= backup_size ) {
/* ERROR : the last byte is outside the backup SRAM region */
return -1;
}
RCC_AHB1PeriphClockCmd(RCC_AHB1Periph_BKPSRAM, ENABLE);
/* disable backup domain write protection */
RCC_APB1PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB1Periph_PWR, ENABLE); // set RCC->APB1ENR.pwren
PWR_BackupAccessCmd(ENABLE); // set PWR->CR.dbp = 1;
/** enable the backup regulator (used to maintain the backup SRAM content in
* standby and Vbat modes). NOTE : this bit is not reset when the device
* wakes up from standby, system reset or power reset. You can check that
* the backup regulator is ready on PWR->CSR.brr, see rm p144 */
PWR_BackupRegulatorCmd(ENABLE); // set PWR->CSR.bre = 1;
for( i = 0; i < bytes; i++ ) {
*(base_addr + offset + i) = *(data + i);
}
PWR_BackupAccessCmd(DISABLE); // reset PWR->CR.dbp = 0;
return 0;
}
int8_t read_from_backup_sram( uint8_t *data, uint16_t bytes, uint16_t offset ) {
const uint16_t backup_size = 0x1000;
uint8_t* base_addr = (uint8_t *) BKPSRAM_BASE;
uint16_t i;
if( bytes + offset >= backup_size ) {
/* ERROR : the last byte is outside the backup SRAM region */
return -1;
}
RCC_AHB1PeriphClockCmd(RCC_AHB1Periph_BKPSRAM, ENABLE);
for( i = 0; i < bytes; i++ ) {
*(data + i) = *(base_addr + offset + i);
}
return 0;
}
int8_t write_to_backup_rtc( uint32_t *data, uint16_t bytes, uint16_t offset ) {
const uint16_t backup_size = 80;
volatile uint32_t* base_addr = &(RTC->BKP0R);
uint16_t i;
if( bytes + offset >= backup_size ) {
/* ERROR : the last byte is outside the backup SRAM region */
return -1;
} else if( offset % 4 || bytes % 4 ) {
/* ERROR: data start or num bytes are not word aligned */
return -2;
} else {
bytes >>= 2; /* divide by 4 because writing words */
}
/* disable backup domain write protection */
RCC_APB1PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB1Periph_PWR, ENABLE); // set RCC->APB1ENR.pwren
PWR_BackupAccessCmd(ENABLE); // set PWR->CR.dbp = 1;
for( i = 0; i < bytes; i++ ) {
*(base_addr + offset + i) = *(data + i);
}
PWR_BackupAccessCmd(DISABLE); // reset PWR->CR.dbp = 0;
// consider also disabling the power peripherial?
return 0;
}
int8_t read_from_backup_rtc( uint32_t *data, uint16_t bytes, uint16_t offset ) {
const uint16_t backup_size = 80;
volatile uint32_t* base_addr = &(RTC->BKP0R);
uint16_t i;
if( bytes + offset >= backup_size ) {
/* ERROR : the last byte is outside the backup SRAM region */
return -1;
} else if( offset % 4 || bytes % 4 ) {
/* ERROR: data start or num bytes are not word aligned */
return -2;
} else {
bytes >>= 2; /* divide by 4 because writing words */
}
/* read should be 32 bit aligned */
for( i = 0; i < bytes; i++ ) {
*(data + i) = *(base_addr + offset + i);
}
return 0;
}
I had to jump from main program to bootloader on user request.
So I put some 'magic number' into BKPSRAM in main program, do CPU soft reset.
Bootloader always starts first.
It checks for 'magic number' if it is present, it executes, else starts main program
when using HAL this is how to jump to bootloader:
__HAL_RCC_PWR_CLK_ENABLE();
HAL_PWR_EnableBkUpAccess();
__BKPSRAM_CLK_ENABLE();
*(__IO uint8_t *)0x40024000 = 42;//magic number
HAL_NVIC_SystemReset();
inside bootloader to read magic number it is enough to enable backup sram clock only (bootloader uses StdPeriphDriver).
RCC_AHB1PeriphClockCmd(RCC_AHB1Periph_BKPSRAM, ENABLE);
extRequest = *(__IO uint8_t *)0x40024000;
if(extRequest == 42)
//run bootloader
cpu is stm32f407
Here is the example of HAL library to use backup SRAM.
#define WRITE_READ_ADDR 0x01 //offset value.you can change according to your application
uint32_t write_arr = 0xA5A5A5A6;
uint32_t read_arr;
int main()
{
enable_backup_sram();
writeBkpSram(write_arr);
while(1)
{
read_arr = readBkpSram();
}
}
void enable_backup_sram(void)
{
/*DBP : Enable access to Backup domain */
HAL_PWR_EnableBkUpAccess();
/*PWREN : Enable backup domain access */
__HAL_RCC_PWR_CLK_ENABLE();
/*BRE : Enable backup regulator
BRR : Wait for backup regulator to stabilize */
HAL_PWREx_EnableBkUpReg();
/*DBP : Disable access to Backup domain */
HAL_PWR_DisableBkUpAccess();
}
void writeBkpSram(uint32_t l_data)
{
/* Enable clock to BKPSRAM */
__HAL_RCC_BKPSRAM_CLK_ENABLE();
/* Pointer write on specific location of backup SRAM */
(uint32_t *) (BKPSRAM_BASE + WRITE_READ_ADDR) = l_data;
/* Disable clock to BKPSRAM */
__HAL_RCC_BKPSRAM_CLK_DISABLE();
}
uint32_t readBkpSram(void)
{
uint32_t i_retval;
/* Enable clock to BKPSRAM */
__HAL_RCC_BKPSRAM_CLK_ENABLE();
/* Pointer write from specific location of backup SRAM */
i_retval = *(uint32_t*) (BKPSRAM_BASE + WRITE_READ_ADDR);
/* Disable clock to BKPSRAM */
__HAL_RCC_BKPSRAM_CLK_DISABLE();
return i_retval;
}
I'm currently using the an STM32F2xx microcontroller. According to the datasheet:
The 4-Kbyte backup SRAM is an EEPROM-like area.
To retain the content of the RTC backup registers … when VDD is turned off, VBAT pin can be connected to an optional standby voltage supplied by a battery or by another source.
A supercap, for example, would be required to maintain the contents of the backup registers while the microcontroller is powered off.
Also, according to the document:
After reset, the backup domain (… backup SRAM) is protected against possible unwanted write accesses. To enable access to the backup domain, proceed as follows …
It gives you instructions on how to gain access to the backup domain by directly writing to the certain peripheral register. If you have access to the STM32F4xx library, you can call something like this (note: I'm using the STM32F2xx library):
PWR_BackupAccessCmd(ENABLE);
Note: There's is more to it than simply calling the above function, such as enabling the backup SRAM interface clock. Consult the STM32F4 series documentation.
There is a lot of documentation embedded in the library source that is invaluable and if it's available should be read.
On the STM32F2 series microcontroller, SRAM is located at the following memory address range:
0x40024000 - 0x40024FFF
And can be written to somewhere at location, for example, as follows:
#define VAR_LOC ((volatile uint8_t *)(0x40024000))
volatile uint8_t *pVar = VAR_LOC;
*pVar = 5;
Useable example
In header:
//------------------------------------
typedef struct
{
uint32_t isDefault; //must by 0x12345678
uint32_t LastTestNumber;
uint32_t LastUserNumber;
uint32_t LastModeTest;
uint32_t calibv;
uint32_t calibc;
uint32_t WorkTime;
int32_t RTCCalib;
uint32_t LCDContrast;
} sBKPSRAM;
extern sBKPSRAM *BKPSRAM;// = (sSDRAM *)SDRAM_BANK_ADDR;
//------------------------------------
In code head
define as data:
sBKPSRAM *BKPSRAM = (sBKPSRAM *)BKPSRAM_BASE;
In Init:
void main(void)
{
(....)
RCC_AHB1PeriphClockCmd(RCC_AHB1Periph_BKPSRAM, ENABLE);
PWR_BackupAccessCmd(ENABLE);
PWR_BackupRegulatorCmd(ENABLE);
ifDefault();
(....)
}
In procedure:
//-------------------------------------------------
void ifDefault(void)
{
if (BKPSRAM->LastModeTest!=0x12345678)
{
printf("BKPSRAM to default\r\n");
memset(BKPSRAM,0,sizeof(sBKPSRAM));
BKPSRAM->calibv =66920;
BKPSRAM->calibc =79230;
BKPSRAM->RTCCalib =1;
BKPSRAM->LCDContrast =2;
BKPSRAM->LastModeTest =0x12345678;
}
}
//-------------------------------------------------
HAL Configuration for STM32H7 to access backup SRAM:
#define BKP_RAM (*(__IO uint32_t *) (D3_BKPSRAM_BASE)) //Start address: 0x38800000
Main() {
__HAL_RCC_BKPRAM_CLK_ENABLE();
HAL_PWREx_EnableBkUpReg();
BKP_RAM = 0xA5AA5A55;
}
In addition to that, you need to add a below line in systemInit() to enable write-through access to Backup SRAM.
SCB->CACR |= 1<<2;

Msp430 i²c module and libraries

I have a project that has a MSP430G2553 master device and a Triple-Axis Digital-Output Gyro ITG-3200 Breakout slave. ITG3200 uses i²c protocol to communicate so i've been checking out the i²c module usage on Msp. For a starter i downloaded the TI I²c examples which can be found in http://www.ti.com/lsds/ti/microcontroller/16-bit_msp430/msp430_software_landing.page After i debugged the first code which is between a MSP master and a TMP100 temperature sensor as a slave. Here is the sample code.
//******************************************************************************
// MSP430G2xx3 Demo - USCI_B0 I2C Master to TMP100, Set P1.0 if Temp > 28C
//
// Description: I2C interface to TMP100 temperature sensor in 9-bit mode.
// Timer_A CCR0 interrupt is used to wake up and read the two bytes of
// the TMP100 temperature register every 62ms. If the temperature is greater
// than 28C, P1.0 is set, else reset. CPU is operated in LPM0. I2C speed
// is ~100kHz.
// ACLK = n/a, MCLK = SMCLK = TACLK = BRCLK = default DCO = ~1.2MHz
//
// /|\ /|\ /|\
// | TMP100 10k 10k MSP430G2xx3
// | ------- | | -------------------
// +--|Vcc SDA|<-|---+->|P1.7/UCB0SDA XIN|-
// | | | | | |
// +--|A1,A0 | | | XOUT|-
// | | | | |
// +--|Vss SCL|<-+------|P1.6/UCB0SCL P1.0|---> LED
// \|/ ------- | |
//
// D. Dang
// Texas Instruments Inc.
// February 2011
// Built with CCS Version 4.2.0 and IAR Embedded Workbench Version: 5.10
//******************************************************************************
#include <msp430.h>
unsigned int RxByteCtr;
unsigned int RxWord;
int main(void)
{
WDTCTL = WDTPW + WDTHOLD; // Stop WDT
P1DIR |= BIT0; // P1.0 output
P1SEL |= BIT6 + BIT7; // Assign I2C pins to USCI_B0
P1SEL2|= BIT6 + BIT7; // Assign I2C pins to USCI_B0
UCB0CTL1 |= UCSWRST; // Enable SW reset
UCB0CTL0 = UCMST + UCMODE_3 + UCSYNC; // I2C Master, synchronous mode
UCB0CTL1 = UCSSEL_2 + UCSWRST; // Use SMCLK, keep SW reset
UCB0BR0 = 12; // fSCL = SMCLK/12 = ~100kHz
UCB0BR1 = 0;
UCB0I2CSA = 0x4e; // Set slave address
UCB0CTL1 &= ~UCSWRST; // Clear SW reset, resume operation
IE2 |= UCB0RXIE; // Enable RX interrupt
TACTL = TASSEL_2 + MC_2; // SMCLK, contmode
while (1)
{
RxByteCtr = 2; // Load RX byte counter
UCB0CTL1 |= UCTXSTT; // I2C start condition
__bis_SR_register(CPUOFF + GIE); // Enter LPM0, enable interrupts
// Remain in LPM0 until all data
// is RX'd
if (RxWord < 0x1d00) // >28C?
P1OUT &= ~0x01; // No, P1.0 = 0
else
P1OUT |= 0x01; // Yes, P1.0 = 1
__disable_interrupt();
TACCTL0 |= CCIE; // TACCR0 interrupt enabled
__bis_SR_register(CPUOFF + GIE); // Enter LPM0, enable interrupts
// Remain in LPM0 until TACCR0
// interrupt occurs
TACCTL0 &= ~CCIE; // TACCR0 interrupt disabled
}
}
#pragma vector = TIMER0_A0_VECTOR
__interrupt void TA0_ISR(void)
{
__bic_SR_register_on_exit(CPUOFF); // Exit LPM0
}
// The USCIAB0TX_ISR is structured such that it can be used to receive any
// 2+ number of bytes by pre-loading RxByteCtr with the byte count.
#pragma vector = USCIAB0TX_VECTOR
__interrupt void USCIAB0TX_ISR(void)
{
RxByteCtr--; // Decrement RX byte counter
if (RxByteCtr)
{
RxWord = (unsigned int)UCB0RXBUF << 8; // Get received byte
if (RxByteCtr == 1) // Only one byte left?
UCB0CTL1 |= UCTXSTP; // Generate I2C stop condition
}
else
{
RxWord |= UCB0RXBUF; // Get final received byte,
// Combine MSB and LSB
__bic_SR_register_on_exit(CPUOFF); // Exit LPM0
}
}
I built up the same circuit where 2 10k pull ups on SDA and SCL, changed the slave address to either 0x69 or 0x68 which is the gyro address given in the user guide of the device. Since i did not built up any monitoring yet, i used an oscilloscope to check out the pulses on SCL and SDA. I didn't expect to see anything on SDA yet but what i am wondering is why i can't even see any clock cycle on SCL bus. It is either always on 3.3V (MSP internal vcc) or sometimes, its near 1V (0.80~). Even when i remove the gyroscope, SDA and SCL bus, i can't see any pulses on P1.6 port. Any ideas?