Perl Xpath: search item before a date year - perl

Question

I have an xml database that contains films, for example:
<film id="5">
<title>The Avengers</title>
<date>2012-09-24</date>
<family>Comics</family>
</film>
From a Perl script I want to find film by date.
If I search films of an exacly year, for example:
my $query = "//collection/film[date = 2012]";
it works exactly and return all films of 2012 year, but if I search all film before a year, it didn't work, for example:
my $query = "//collection/film[date < 2012]";
it returns all film..

Answer 1

Well, as usual, there's more than one way to do it. ) Either you let XPath tool know that it should compare dates (it doesn't know from the start) with something like this:
my $query = '//collection/film[xs:date(./date) < xs:date("2012-01-01")]';
... or you just bite the bullet and just compare the 'yyyy' substrings:
my $query = '//collection/film[substring(date, 1, 4) < "2012"]';
The former is better semantically, I suppose, but requires an advanced XML parser tool which supports XPath 2.0. And the latter was successfully verified with XML::XPath.
UPDATE: I'd like to give my explanation of why your first query works. ) See, you don't compare dates there - you compare numbers, but only because of '=' operator. Quote from the doc:
When neither object to be compared is a node-set and the operator is =
or !=, then the objects are compared by converting them to a common
type as follows and then comparing them. If at least one object to be
compared is a boolean, then each object to be compared is converted to
a boolean as if by applying the boolean function. Otherwise, if at
least one object to be compared is a number, then each object to be
compared is converted to a number as if by applying the number
function.
See? Your '2012-09-24' was converted to number - and became 2012. Which, of course, is equal to 2012. )
This doesn't work with any other comparative operators, though: that's why you need to either use substring, or convert the date-string to number. I supposed the first approach would be more readable - and faster as well, perhaps. )

Answer 2

Use this XPath, to check the year
//collection/film[substring-before(date, '-') < '2012']
Your Perl script will be,
my $query = "//collection/film[substring-before(date, '-') < '2012']";
OR
my $query = "//collection/film[substring-before(date, '-') = '2012']";

Answer 3

Simply use:
//collection/film[translate(date, '-', '') < 20120101]
This removes the dashes from the date then compares it for being less than 2012-01-01 (with the dashes removed).
In the same way you can get all films with dates prior a given date (not only year):
//collection/film[translate(date, '-', '') < translate($theDate, '-', '']