I wrote a perl script to count the occurrences of a character in a file.
So far this is what I have got,
#!/usr/bin/perl -w
use warnings;
no warnings ('uninitialized', 'substr');
my $lines_ref;
my #lines;
my $count;
sub countModule()
{
my $file = "/test";
open my $fh, "<",$file or die "could not open $file: $!";
my #contents = $fh;
my #filtered = grep (/\// ,#contents);
return \#filtered;
}
#lines = countModule();
##lines = $lines_ref;
$count = #lines;
print "###########\n $count \n###########\n";
My test file looks like this:
10.0.0.1/24
192.168.10.0/24
172.16.30.1/24
I am basically trying to count the number of instances of "/"
This is the output that I get:
###########
1
###########
I am getting 1 instead of 3, which is the number of occurrences.
Still learning perl, so any help will be appreciated..Thank you!!
Here are a few points about your code
You should always use strict at the top of your program, and only use no warnings for special reasons in a limited scope. There is no general reason why a working Perl program should need to disable warnings globally
Declare your variables close to their first point of use. The style of declaring everything at the top of the file is unnecessary and is a legacy of C
Never use prototypes in your code. They are available for very special purposes and shouldn't be used for the vast majority of Perl code. sub countModule() { ... } insists that countModule may never be called with any parameters and isn't necessary or useful. The definition should be just sub countModule { ... }
A big well done! for using a lexical file handle, the three-parameter form of open, and putting $! in your die string
my #contents = $fh will just set #contents to a single-element list containing just the filehandle. To read the whole file into the array you need my #contents = <$fh>
You can avoid escaping slashes in a regular expression if you use a different delimiter. To do that you need to use the m operator explicitly, like my #filtered = grep m|/|, #contents)
You return an array reference but assign the returned value to an array, so #lines = countModule() sets #lines to a single-element list containing just the array reference. You should either return a list with return #filtered or dereference the return value on assignment with #lines = #{ countModule }
If all you need to do is to print the number of lines in the file that contain a slash character then you could write something like this
use strict;
use warnings;
my $count;
sub countModule {
open my $fh, '<', '/test' or die "Could not open $file: $!";
return [ grep m|/|, <$fh> ];
}
my $lines = countModule;
$count = #$lines;
print "###########\n $count \n###########\n";
Close, but a few issues:
use strict;
use warnings;
sub countModule
{
my $file = "/test";
open my $fh, "<",$file or die "could not open $file: $!";
my #contents = <$fh>; # The <> brackets are used to read from $fh.
my #filtered = grep (/\// ,#contents);
return #filtered; # Remove the reference.
}
my #lines = countModule();
my $count = scalar #lines; # 'scalar' is not required, but lends clarity.
print "###########\n $count \n###########\n";
Each of the changes I made to your code are annotated with a #comment explaining what was done.
Now in list context your subroutine will return the filtered lines. In scalar context it will return a count of how many lines were filtered.
You did also mention find the occurrences of a character (despite everything in your script being line-oriented). Perhaps your counter sub would look like this:
sub file_tallies{
my $file = '/test';
open my $fh, '<', $file or die $!;
my $count;
my $lines;
while( <$fh> ) {
$lines++;
$count += $_ =~ tr[\/][\/];
}
return ( $lines, $count );
}
my( $line_count, $slash_count ) = file_tallies();
In list context,
return \#filtered;
returns a list with one element -- a reference to the named array #filtered. Maybe you wanted to return the list itself
return #filtered;
Here's some simpler code:
sub countMatches {
my ($file, $c) = #_; # Pass parameters
local $/;
undef $/; # Slurp input
open my $fh, "<",$file or die "could not open $file: $!";
my $s = <$fh>; # The <> brackets are used to read from $fh.
close $fh;
my $ptn = quotemeta($c); # So we can match strings like ".*" verbatim
my #hits = $s =~ m/($ptn)/g;
0 + #hits
}
print countMatches ("/test", '/') . "\n";
The code pushes Perl beyond the very basics, but not too much. Salient points:
By undeffing $/ you can read the input into one string. If you're counting
occurrences of a string in a file, and not occurrences of lines that contain
the string, this is usually easier to do.
m/(...)/g will find all the hits, but if you want to count strings like
"." you need to quote the meta characters in them.
Store the results in an array to evaluate m// in list context
Adding 0 to a list gives the number of items in it.
Related
I've created a script for validating xml files after given input folder. It should grep xml files from the input directory then sort out the xml files and check the condition. But it throws a command that not Open at line , <STDIN> line 1.
But it creates an empty log file.
Since i faced numeric error while sorting, comment that.
so i need to be given input location, the script should check the xml files and throw errors in a mentioned log file.
Anyone can help this?
Script
#!/usr/bin/perl
# use strict;
use warnings;
use Cwd;
use File::Basename;
use File::Path;
use File::Copy;
use File::Find;
print "Enter the path: ";
my $filepath = <STDIN>;
chomp $filepath;
die "\n\tpleas give input folder \n" if(!defined $filepath or !-d $filepath);
my $Toolpath = dirname($0);
my $base = basename($filepath);
my $base_path = dirname($filepath);
my ($xmlF, #xmlF);
my #errors=();
my #warnings=();
my #checkings=();
my $ecount=0;
my $wcount=0;
my $ccount=0;
my ($x, $y);
my $z="0";
opendir(DIR,"$filepath");
my #xmlFiles = grep{/\.xml$/} readdir(DIR);
closedir(DIR);
my $logfile = "$base_path\\$base"."_Err.log";
# #xmlF=sort{$a <=> $b}#xmlFiles;
#xmlF=sort{$a cmp $b}#xmlFiles;
open(OUT, ">$logfile") || die ("\nLog file couldnt write $logfile :$!");
my $line;
my $flcnt = scalar (#xmlF);
for ($x=0; $x < $flcnt; $x++)
{
open IN, "$xmlF[$x]" or die "not Open";
print OUT "\n".$xmlF[$x]."\n==================\n";
print "\nProcessing File $xmlF[$x] .....\n";
local $/;
while ($line=<IN>)
{
while ($line=~m#(<res(?: [^>]+)? type="weblink"[^>]*>)((?:(?!</res>).)*)</res>#igs)
{
my $tmp1 = $1; my $tmp2 = $&; my $pre1 = $`;
if($tmp1 =~ m{ subgroup="Weblink"}i){
my $pre = $pre1.$`;
if($tmp2 !~ m{<tooltip><\!\[CDATA\[Weblink\]\]><\/tooltip>}ms){
my $pre = $pre1.$`;
push(#errors,lineno($pre),"\t<tooltip><\!\[CDATA\[Weblink\]\]></tooltip> is missing\n");
}
}
}
foreach my $warnings(#warnings)
{
$wcount = $wcount+1;
}
foreach my $checkings(#checkings)
{
$ccount = $ccount+1;
}
foreach my $errors(#errors)
{
$ecount = $ecount+1;
}
my $count_err = $ecount/2;
print OUT "".$count_err." Error(s) Found:-\n------------------------\n ";
print OUT "#errors\n";
$ecount = 0;
my $count_war = $wcount/2;
print OUT "$count_war Warning(s) Found:-\n-------------------------\n ";
print OUT "#warnings\n";
$wcount = 0;
my $count_check = $ccount/2;
print OUT "$count_check Checking(s) Found:-\n-------------------------\n ";
print OUT "#checkings\n";
$wcount = 0;
undef #errors;
undef #warnings;
undef #checkings;
close IN;
}
}
The readdir returns bare file names, without the path.
So when you go ahead to open those files you need to prepend the names returned by readdir with the name of the directory the readdir read them from, here $filepath. Or build the full path names right away
use warnings;
use strict;
use feature 'say';
use File::Spec;
print "Enter the path: ";
my $filepath = <STDIN>;
chomp $filepath;
die "\nPlease give input folder\n" if !defined $filepath or !-d $filepath;
opendir(my $fh_dir, $filepath) or die "Can't opendir $filepath: $!";
my #xml_files =
map { File::Spec->catfile($filepath, $_) }
grep { /\.xml$/ }
readdir $fh_dir;
closedir $fh_dir;
say for #xml_files;
where I used File::Spec to portably piece together the file name.
The map can be made to also do grep's job so to make only one pass over the file list
my #xml_files =
map { /\.xml$/ ? File::Spec->catfile($filepath, $_) : () }
readdir $fh_dir;
The empty list () gets flattened in the returned list, effectively disappearing altogether.
Here are some comments on the code. Note that this is normally done at Code Review but I feel that it is needed here.
First: a long list of variables is declared upfront. It is in fact important to declare in as small a scope as possible. It turns out that most of those variables can indeed be declared where they are used, as seen in comments below.
The location of the executable is best found using
use FindBin qw($RealBin);
where $RealBin also resolves links (as opposed to $Bin, also available)
Assigning () to an array at declaration doesn't do anything; it is exactly the same as normal my #errors;. They can also go together, my (#errors, #warnings, #checks);. If the array has something then = () clears it, what is a good way to empty an array
Assigning a "0" makes the variable a string. While Perl normally converts between strings and numbers as needed, if a number is needed then use a number, my $z = 0;
Lexical filehandles (open my $fh, ...) are better than globs (open FH, ...)
I don't understand the comment about "numeric error" in sorting. The cmp operator sorts lexicographically, for numeric sort use <=>
When array is used in scalar context – when assigned to a scalar for example – the number of elements is returned. So no need for scalar but do my flcnt = #xmlF;
For iteration over array indices use $#ary, the index of the last element of #ary, for
foreach my $i (0..$#xmlF) { ... }
But if there aren't any uses of the index (I don't see any) then loop over elements
foreach my $file (#xmlF) { ... }
When you check the file open print the error $!, open ... or die "... : $!";. This is done elsewhere in the code, and it should be done always.
The local $/; unsets the input record separator, what makes the following read take the whole file. If that is intended then $line is not a good name. Also note that a variable can be declared inside the condition, while (my $line = <$fh>) { }
I can't comment on the regex as I don't know what it's supposed to accomplish, but it is complex; any chance to simplify all that?
The series of foreach loops only works out the number of elements of those arrays; there is no need for loops then, just my $ecount = #errors; (etc). This also allows you to keep the declaration of those counter variables in minimal scope.
The undef #errors; (etc) aren't needed since those arrays count for each file and so you can declare them inside the loops, anew at each iteration (and at smallest scope). When you wish to empty an array it is better to do #ary = (); than to undef it; that way it's not allocated all over again on the next use
I have a text file which lists a service, device and a filter, here I list 3 examples only:
service1 device04 filter9
service2 device01 filter2
service2 device10 filter11
I have written a perl script that iterates through the file and should then print device=device filter=filter to a file named according to the service it belongs to, but if a string contains a duplicate filter, it should add the devices to the same file, seperated by semicolons. Looking at the above example, I then need a result of:
service1.txt
device=device04 filter=filter9
service2.txt
device=device01 filter=filter2 ; device=device10 filter=filter11
Here is my code:
use strict;
use warnings qw(all);
open INPUT, "<", "file.txt" or die $!;
my #Input = <INPUT>;
foreach my $item(#Input) {
my ($serv, $device, $filter) = split(/ /, $item);
chomp ($serv, $device, $filter);
push my #arr, "device==$device & filter==$filter";
open OUTPUT, ">>", "$serv.txt" or die $!;
print OUTPUT join(" ; ", #arr);
close OUTPUT;
}
The problem I am having is that both service1.txt and service2.txt are created, but my results are all wrong, see my current result:
service1.txt
device==device04 filter==filter9
service2.txt
device==device04 filter==filter9 ; device==device01 filter==filter2device==device04 filter==filter9 ; device==device01 filter==filter2 ; device==device10 filter==filter11
I apologise, I know this is something stupid, but it has been a really long night and my brain cannot function properly I believe.
For each service to have its own file where data for it accumulates you need to distinguish for each line what file to print it to.
Then open a new service-file when a service without one is encountered, feasible since there aren't so many as clarified in a comment. This can be organized by a hash service => filehandle.
use warnings;
use strict;
use feature 'say';
my $file = shift #ARGV || 'data.txt';
my %handle;
open my $fh, '<', $file or die "Can't open $file: $!";
while (<$fh>) {
my ($serv, $device, $filter) = split;
if (exists $handle{$serv}) {
print { $handle{$serv} } " ; device==$device & filter==$filter";
}
else {
open my $fh_out, '>', "$serv.txt" or do {
warn "Can't open $serv.txt: $!";
next;
};
print $fh_out "device==$device & filter==$filter";
$handle{$serv} = $fh_out;
}
}
say $_ '' for values %handle; # terminate the line in each file
close $_ for values %handle;
For clarity the code prints almost the same in both cases, what surely can be made cleaner. This was tested only with the provided sample data and produces the desired output.
Note that when a filehandle need be evaluated we need { }. See this post, for example.
Comments on the original code (addressed in the code above)
Use lexical filehandles (my $fh) instead of typeglobs (FH)
Don't read the whole file at once unless there is a specific reason for that
split has nice defaults, split ' ', $_, where ' ' splits on whitespace and discards leading and trailing space as well. (And then there is no need to chomp in this case.)
Another option is to first collect data for each service, just as OP attempts, but again use a hash (service => arrayref/string with data) and print at the end. But I don't see a reason to not print as you go, since you'd need the same logic to decide when ; need be added.
Your code looks pretty perl4-ish, but that's not a problem. As MrTux has pointed out, you are confusing collection and fanning out of your data. I have refactored this to use a hash as intermediate container with the service name as keys. Please note that this will not accumulate results across mutliple calls (as it uses ">" and not ">>").
use strict;
use warnings qw(all);
use File::Slurp qw/read_file/;
my #Input = read_file('file.txt', chomp => 1);
my %store = (); # Global container
# Capture
foreach my $item(#Input) {
my ($serv, $device, $filter) = split(/ /, $item);
push #{$store{$serv}}, "device==$device & filter==$filter";
}
# Write out for each service file
foreach my $k(keys %store) {
open(my $OUTPUT, ">", "$k.txt") or die $!;
print $OUTPUT join(" ; ", #{$store{$k}});
close( $OUTPUT );
}
I am trying to both learn perl and use it in my research. I need to do a simple task which is counting the number of sequences and their lengths in a file such as follow:
>sequence1
ATCGATCGATCG
>sequence2
AAAATTTT
>sequence3
CCCCGGGG
The output should look like this:
sequence1 12
sequence2 8
sequence3 8
Total number of sequences = 3
This is the code I have written which is very crude and simple:
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
my ($input, $output) = #ARGV;
open(INFILE, '<', $input) or die "Can't open $input, $!\n"; # Open a file for reading.
open(OUTFILE, '>', $output) or die "Can't open $output, $!"; # Open a file for writing.
while (<INFILE>) {
chomp;
if (/^>/)
{
my $number_of_sequences++;
}else{
my length = length ($input);
}
}
print length, number_of_sequences;
close (INFILE);
I'd be grateful if you could give me some hints, for example, in the else block, when I use the length function, I am not sure what argument I should pass into it.
Thanks in advance
You're printing out just the last length, not each sequence length, and you want to catch the sequence names as you go:
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
my ($input, $output) = #ARGV;
my ($lastSeq, $number_of_sequences) = ('', 0);
open(INFILE, '<', $input) or die "Can't open $input, $!\n"; # Open a file for reading.
# You never use OUTFILE
# open(OUTFILE, '>', $output) or die "Can't open $output, $!"; # Open a file for writing.
while (<INFILE>) {
chomp;
if (/^>(.+)/)
{
$lastSeq = $1;
$number_of_sequences++;
}
else
{
my $length = length($_);
print "$lastSeq $length\n";
}
}
print "Total number of sequences = $number_of_sequences\n";
close (INFILE);
Since you have indicated that you want feedback on your program, here goes:
my ($input, $output) = #ARGV;
open(INFILE, '<', $input) or die "Can't open $input, $!\n"; # Open a file for reading.
open(OUTFILE, '>', $output) or die "Can't open $output, $!"; # Open a file for writing.
Personally, I think when dealing with a simple input/output file relation, it is best to just use the diamond operator and standard output. That means that you read from the special file handle <>, commonly referred to as "the diamond operator", and you print to STDOUT, which is the default output. If you want to save the output in a file, just use shell redirection:
perl program.pl input.txt > output.txt
In this part:
my $number_of_sequences++;
you are creating a new variable. This variable will go out of scope as soon as you leave the block { .... }, in this case: the if-block.
In this part:
my length = length ($input);
you forgot the $ sigil. You are also using length on the file name, not the line you read. If you want to read a line from your input, you must use the file handle:
my $length = length(<INFILE>);
Although this will also include the newline in the length.
Here you have forgotten the sigils again:
print length, number_of_sequences;
And of course, this will not create the expected output. It will print something like sequence112.
Recommendations:
Use a while (<>) loop to read your input. This is the idiomatic method to use.
You do not need to keep a count of your input lines, there is a line count variable: $.. Though keep in mind that it will also count "bad" lines, like blank lines or headers. Using your own variable will allow you to account for such things.
Remember to chomp the line before finding out its length. Or use an alternative method that only counts the characters you want: my $length = ( <> =~ tr/ATCG// ) This will read a line, count the letters ATGC, return the count and discard the read line.
Summary:
use strict;
use warnings; # always use these two pragmas
my $count;
while (<>) {
next unless /^>/; # ignore non-header lines
$count++; # increment counter
chomp;
my $length = (<> =~ tr/ATCG//); # get length of next line
s/^>(\S+)/$1 $length\n/; # remove > and insert length
} continue {
print; # print to STDOUT
}
print "Total number is sequences = $count\n";
Note the use of continue here, which will allow us to skip a line that we do not want to process, but that will still get printed.
And as I said above, you can redirect this to a file if you want.
For starters, you need to change your inner loop to this:
...
chomp;
if (/^>/)
{
$number_of_sequences++;
$sequence_name = $_;
}else{
print "$sequence_name ", length($input), "\n";
}
...
Note the following:
The my declaration has been removed from $number_of_sequences
The sequence name is captured in the variable $sequence_name. It is used later when the next line is read.
To make the script run under strict mode, you can add my declarations for $number_of_sequences and $sequence_name outside of the loop:
my $sequence_name;
my $number_of_sequences = 0;
while (<INFILE>) {
...(as above)...
}
print "Total number of sequences: $number_of_sequences\n";
The my keyword declares a new lexically scoped variable - i.e. a variable which only exists within a certain block of code, and every time that block of code is entered, a new version of that variable is created. Since you want to have the value of $sequence_name carry over from one loop iteration to the next you need to place the my outside of the loop.
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
my ($file, $line, $length, $tag, $count);
$file = $ARGV[0];
open (FILE, "$file") or print"can't open file $file\n";
while (<FILE>){
$line=$_;
chomp $line;
if ($line=~/^>/){
$tag = $line;
}
else{
$length = length ($line);
$count=1;
}
if ($count==1){
print "$tag\t$length\n";
$count=0
}
}
close FILE;
I am terribly sorry for bothering you with my problem in several questions, but I need to solve it...
I want to extract several substrings from a file whick contains string by using another file with the begin and the end of each substring that I want to extract.
The first file is like:
>scaffold30 24194
CTTAGCAGCAGCAGCAGCAGTGACTGAAGGAACTGAGAAAAAGAGCGAGCTGAAAGGAAGCATAGCCATTTGGGAGTGCCAGAGAGTTGGGAGG GAGGGAGGGCAGAGATGGAAGAAGAAAGGCAGAAATACAGGGAGATTGAGGATCACCAGGGAG.........
.................
(the string must be everything in the file except the first line), and the coordinates file is like:
44801988 44802104
44846151 44846312
45620133 45620274
45640443 45640543
45688249 45688358
45729531 45729658
45843362 45843490
46066894 46066996
46176337 46176464
.....................
my script is this:
my $chrom = $ARGV[0];
my $coords_file = $ARGV[1];
#finds subsequences: fasta files
open INFILE1, $chrom or die "Could not open $chrom: $!";
my $count = 0;
while(<INFILE1>) {
if ($_ !~ m/^>/) {
local $/ = undef;
my $var = <INFILE1>;
open INFILE, $coords_file or die "Could not open $coords_file: $!";
my #cline = <INFILE>;
foreach my $cline (#cline) {
print "$cline\n";
my#data = split('\t', $cline);
my $start = $data[0];
my $end = $data[1];
my $offset = $end - $start;
$count++;
my $sub = substr ($var, $start, $offset);
print ">conserved $count\n";
print "$sub\n";
}
close INFILE;
}
}
when I run it, it looks like it does only one iteration and it prints me the start of the first file.
It seems like the foreach loop doesn't work.
also substr seems that doesn't work.
when I put an exit to print the cline to check the loop, it prints all the lines of the file with the coordinates.
I am sorry if I become annoying, but I must finish it and I am a little bit desperate...
Thank you again.
This line
local $/ = undef;
changes $/ for the entire enclosing block, which includes the section where you read in your second file. $/ is the input record separator, which essentially defines what a "line" is (it is a newline by default, see perldoc perlvar for details). When you read from a filehandle using <>, $/ is used to determine where to stop reading. For example, the following program relies on the default line-splitting behavior, and so only reads until the first newline:
my $foo = <DATA>;
say $foo;
# Output:
# 1
__DATA__
1
2
3
Whereas this program reads all the way to EOF:
local $/;
my $foo = <DATA>;
say $foo;
# Output:
# 1
# 2
# 3
__DATA__
1
2
3
This means your #cline array gets only one element, which is a string containing the text of your entire coordinates file. You can see this using Data::Dumper:
use Data::Dumper;
print Dumper(\#cline);
Which in your case will output something like:
$VAR1 = [
'44801988 44802104
44846151 44846312
45620133 45620274
45640443 45640543
45688249 45688358
45729531 45729658
45843362 45843490
46066894 46066996
46176337 46176464
'
];
Notice how your array (technically an arrayref in this case), delineated by [ and ], contains only a single element, which is a string (delineated by single quotes) that contains newlines.
Let's walk through the relevant sections of your code:
while(<INFILE1>) {
if ($_ !~ m/^>/) {
# Enable localized slurp mode. Stays in effect until we leave the 'if'
local $/ = undef;
# Read the rest of INFILE1 into $var (from current line to EOF)
my $var = <INFILE1>;
open INFILE, $coords_file or die "Could not open $coords_file: $!";
# In list context, return each block until the $/ character as a
# separate list element. Since $/ is still undef, this will read
# everything until EOF into our first list element, resulting in
# a one-element array
my #cline = <INFILE>;
# Since #cline only has one element, the loop only has one iteration
foreach my $cline (#cline) {
As a side note, your code could be cleaned up a bit. The names you chose for your filehandles leave something to be desired, and you should probably use lexical filehandles anyway (and the three-argument form of open):
open my $chromosome_fh, "<", $ARGV[0] or die $!;
open my $coordinates_fh, "<", $ARGV[1] or die $!;
Also, you do not need to nest your loops in this case, it just makes your code more convoluted. First read the relevant parts of your chromosome file into a variable (named something more meaningful than var):
# Get rid of the `local $/` statement, we don't need it
my $chromosome;
while (<$chromosome_fh>) {
next if /^>/;
$chromosome .= $_;
}
Then read in your coordinates file:
my #cline = <$coordinates_fh>;
Or if you only need to use the contents of the coordinates file once, process each line as you go using a while loop:
while (<$coordinates_fh>) {
# Do something for each line here
}
As 'ThisSuitIsBlackNot' suggested, your code could be cleaned up a little. Here is a possible solution that may be what you want.
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
my $chrom = $ARGV[0];
my $coords_file = $ARGV[1];
#finds subsequences: fasta files
open INFILE1, $chrom or die "Could not open $chrom: $!";
my $fasta;
<INFILE1>; # get rid of the first line - '>scaffold30 24194'
while(<INFILE1>) {
chomp;
$fasta .= $_;
}
close INFILE1 or die "Could not close '$chrom'. $!";
open INFILE, $coords_file or die "Could not open $coords_file: $!";
my $count = 0;
while(<INFILE>) {
my ($start, $end) = split;
# Or, should this be: my $offset = $end - ($start - 1);
# That would include the start fasta
my $offset = $end - $start;
$count++;
my $sub = substr ($fasta, $start, $offset);
print ">conserved $count\n";
print "$sub\n";
}
close INFILE or die "Could not close '$coords_file'. $!";
I quickly jotted off a Perl script that would average a few files with just columns of numbers. It involves reading from an array of filehandles. Here is the script:
#!/usr/local/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use Symbol;
die "Usage: $0 file1 [file2 ...]\n" unless scalar(#ARGV);
my #fhs;
foreach(#ARGV){
my $fh = gensym;
open $fh, $_ or die "Unable to open \"$_\"";
push(#fhs, $fh);
}
while (scalar(#fhs)){
my ($result, $n, $a, $i) = (0,0,0,0);
while ($i <= $#fhs){
if ($a = <$fhs[$i]>){
$result += $a;
$n++;
$i++;
}
else{
$fhs[$i]->close;
splice(#fhs,$i,1);
}
}
if ($n){ print $result/$n . "\n"; }
}
This doesn't work. If I debug the script, after I initialize #fhs it looks like this:
DB<1> x #fhs
0 GLOB(0x10443d80)
-> *Symbol::GEN0
FileHandle({*Symbol::GEN0}) => fileno(6)
1 GLOB(0x10443e60)
-> *Symbol::GEN1
FileHandle({*Symbol::GEN1}) => fileno(7)
So far, so good. But it fails at the part where I try to read from the file:
DB<3> x $fhs[$i]
0 GLOB(0x10443d80)
-> *Symbol::GEN0
FileHandle({*Symbol::GEN0}) => fileno(6)
DB<4> x $a
0 'GLOB(0x10443d80)'
$a is filled with this string rather than something read from the glob. What have I done wrong?
You can only use a simple scalar variable inside <> to read from a filehandle. <$foo> works. <$foo[0]> does not read from a filehandle; it's actually equivalent to glob($foo[0]). You'll have to use the readline builtin, a temporary variable, or use IO::File and OO notation.
$text = readline($foo[0]);
# or
my $fh = $foo[0]; $text = <$fh>;
# or
$text = $foo[0]->getline; # If using IO::File
If you weren't deleting elements from the array inside the loop, you could easily use a temporary variable by changing your while loop to a foreach loop.
Personally, I think using gensym to create filehandles is an ugly hack. You should either use IO::File, or pass an undefined variable to open (which requires at least Perl 5.6.0, but that's almost 10 years old now). (Just say my $fh; instead of my $fh = gensym;, and Perl will automatically create a new filehandle and store it in $fh when you call open.)
If you are willing to use a bit of magic, you can do this very simply:
use strict;
use warnings;
die "Usage: $0 file1 [file2 ...]\n" unless #ARGV;
my $sum = 0;
# The current filehandle is aliased to ARGV
while (<>) {
$sum += $_;
}
continue {
# We have finished a file:
if( eof ARGV ) {
# $. is the current line number.
print $sum/$. , "\n" if $.;
$sum = 0;
# Closing ARGV resets $. because ARGV is
# implicitly reopened for the next file.
close ARGV;
}
}
Unless you are using a very old perl, the messing about with gensym is not necessary. IIRC, perl 5.6 and newer are happy with normal lexical handles: open my $fh, '<', 'foo';
I have trouble understanding your logic. Do you want to read several files, which just contains numbers (one number per line) and print its average?
use strict;
use warnings;
my #fh;
foreach my $f (#ARGV) {
open(my $fh, '<', $f) or die "Cannot open $f: $!";
push #fh, $fh;
}
foreach my $fh (#fh) {
my ($sum, $n) = (0, 0);
while (<$fh>) {
$sum += $_;
$n++;
}
print "$sum / $n: ", $sum / $n, "\n" if $n;
}
Seems like a for loop would work better for you, where you could actually use the standard read (iteration) operator.
for my $fh ( #fhs ) {
while ( defined( my $line = <$fh> )) {
# since we're reading integers we test for *defined*
# so we don't close the file on '0'
#...
}
close $fh;
}
It doesn't look like you want to shortcut the loop at all. Therefore, while seems to be the wrong loop idiom.