Hi. If you look at the image above, you will see a set of very weird-looking characters displayed along with some Latin characters. The weird ones are Eritrean characters. They are the characters we use in my country. So, to go strait to the point, I am hoping to create even the simplest possible bit of software or maybe even a batch file (if possible) to help me make these characters applicable on the web and make PCs understand and display them when being typed. Just like Arabic, Hindu, Chinese... characters are used. I think, since the question of 'creating a language' is often rare or because I may not know the correct term to use, when I searched the internet to find any tutorial or even a freelancer or anything, all I got was... nothing. So, I am hoping, if anyone can give me a step-by-step guide, or even just a clue about how to create this, would be very helpful.
Thanks.
Your question asks "how to create a language", so I will describe all the pieces that need to be in place for a new language (or more accurately, writing system). You ask specifically about the Eritrean alphabet, so I will provide specific examples of how that is supported on modern systems, and try to provide you pointers for the pieces you are missing. The answer is long, and provides lots of links, to support the two explanations.
To work with a script like Ge'ez (also known as Ethiopic, the script used to write Amharic in Ethiopia and Tigrinya in Eritrea) you need a few things. The first is a way to encode the characters; a set of numbers representing each character, that the computer can use to represent the text. Luckily, Unicode has become widespread, and Unicode is designed to be a universal character set that includes all of the world's languages. Unicode 3.0 introduced Ethiopic in the range U+1200-U+137F, and later versions added supplements of more obscure characters in the ranges U+1380-U+1394, U+2D80-U+2DDF and U+AB00-U+AB2F. If you wanted to support a language that Unicode didn't yet support, you would either need to use the private use area and define your own mapping of characters to code points, or submit a proposal to have your script added to Unicode; for example, see the proposal for Ethiopic.
Now, Unicode is just a character set; an abstract mapping between characters and numbers. To actually transmit these characters as a sequence of bytes, you use a character encoding. There are many encodings; some of them, like ASCII and ISO-8859-1 only cover a subset of the full Unicode character set, while others, like UTF-8 and UTF-16, cover the full range. For documents on the web, UTF-8 is the recommended character encoding; you should never use anything else if you can help it. In UTF-8, you can write Ge'ez directly in the document, for example: ኤርትራ. One thing to watch out for is that some programs (especially on Windows) will offer you "Unicode" as an encoding, when they mean UTF-16; you want to make sure to choose UTF-8, as it's more efficient and more compatible with a wider variety of software.
If you are using encodings that don't cover the full range of Unicode, or you don't have a good way to type those characters, and you are writing HTML or XML, you can use numeric character references instead. To do this, you write the Unicode code point of the character you want to refer between &# and ;. You can write the number in decimal, or in hexadecimal prefixed with an x. For example, ሀ can be written ሀ or ሀ (the semicolon at the end is important; it wasn't working for you in the comments because you were missing it).
Now that you have a character set, and a way of encoding it, you need a way to display it. Some scripts are easier to display in others. For all scripts, you need a font; a file defining how each character looks. A font contains a collection of glyphs, or drawings of each character. Some scripts, like the Latin alphabet (the alphabet used for English and most European languages) are relatively simple; each character is a separate glyph, and how they are drawn doesn't depend on what characters come before or after (though diacritics and ligatures can make it a little more complicated). Others, like Arabic and Indic scripts are written in cursive, where letters join to each other so how they are drawn can depend on the characters near them. These languages require special rendering support like Uniscribe or DirectWrite on Windows, Pango on Linux, or advanced font technology like Apple Advanced Typography or Graphite.
Luckily, Ge'ez is a fairly simple writing system, that doesn't require any specialized rending support or advanced font systems. Each of the characters is a separate glyph, and it doesn't require any reordering. So a normal OpenType font, displayed with the rendering systems already available on most computers, will do the job. But you still need the font in order to be able to display the characters. To create you own font, you can use FontForge (a free/open source tool), Fontographer, FontLab Studio, or other similar software.
For Ethiopic, you don't need to create your own. There are numerous fonts available that include the Ethiopic characters, but one that I would recommend is Abyssinica SIL from SIL (the Summer Institute of Linguistics), which does a lot of great work for minority languages and writing systems. Their fonts are available under a free license, that allows you to use the font, redistribute the font, and modify the font, so their fonts are quite flexible and can be used in a wide variety of situations. Windows ships with Nyala, which includes Ethiopic characters, since Windows Vista, and Ebrima, which added support for Ethiopic characters in Windows 8; so people on Windows Vista or later should be able to view Ethiopic characters already. Mac OS X ships with Kefa as of 10.6.
Once you have the font, you will be able to view Ethiopic characters. But other people reading your documents might not have those fonts (if they are using an older version of Windows or Mac OS X, if they didn't install all of the fonts that came with Windows, or the like), in which case the characters will probably show up as boxes or question marks on their machine. You could give those people a redistributable font like Abyssinica SIL, or they could buy a font that includes Ethiopic characters, but that can be inconvenient. For working with word processor documents or plain text, that's probably the best you can do; they will need the font installed on their computer to be able to display the text. If you create a PDF on your computer, it should embed the fonts that it needs to display the text, so creating a PDF can be a convenient way to include uncommon fonts with your document.
On a web page, you can use web fonts to link to a font from your stylesheet, allowing the users web browser to load that font for that web page. Web fonts are supported all the way back to IE 6, and in recent versions of most other web browsers, so they are actually quite widely supported. Different web browsers support different font file formats (EOT, TTF, OpenType, SVG, and WOFF), and slightly different syntaxes for the CSS (older versions of IE are based on an older draft), so it can be a bit tricky to make a page that is compatible with all browsers. Luckily, people have automated that process. Some web fonts are available online from Google Web Fonts or FontSquirrel, but sadly, I couldn't find any Ethiopic fonts already hosted. However, you can upload a font to FontSquirrel, and it will convert it into all of the major formats, and provide example CSS that will work on all modern browsers. Note that you should only do this with fonts that allow web embedding; not all fonts do. Since Abyssinica SIL is available under the Open Font License, you can use it, and I've run it through FontSquirrel for you; you can see how it works (check out the Glyphs & Languages tab), or download the kit. To use it, just put the font files (.ttf, .eot, .svg, and .woff) on your server in the same directory as your CSS, and include the following in your CSS:
#font-face {
font-family: 'abyssinica_silregular';
src: url('abyssinicasil-r.eot');
src: url('abyssinicasil-r.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'),
url('abyssinicasil-r.woff') format('woff'),
url('abyssinicasil-r.ttf') format('truetype'),
url('abyssinicasil-r.svg#abyssinica_silregular') format('svg');
font-weight: normal;
font-style: normal;
}
Now that you know how to encode Ethiopic, view Ethiopic characters, and share documents containing Ethiopic characters, you are probably going to want to type them into documents. If you are using HTML, you could just type the numeric character reference described above. In other documents, you could just copy and paste the characters from a chart of all of them, like the Wikipedia page. But that would become pretty cumbersome. Depending on your system and settings, you can also use Unicode Hex Input to enter arbitrary Unicode characters, but that is also cumbersome.
To fully support typing a script on your computer, you need a keyboard layout or input method. Some scripts can be typed with a simple keyboard layout, which says which keys correspond to which characters. If a script has more characters than there are keys on the keyboard, Shift and Alt (or Option on the Mac) can be used to map to more characters. Dead keys can also be used to expand the range of characters that you type; dead keys are sequences of two or more keystrokes that produce a single glyph; for example, on Mac OS X, to type "á", you can type Option-E A. To create a keyboard layout on Windows, you can use the Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator. Mac OS X uses an XML format for keyboard layouts, so you can create one directly, or use Ukelele from SIL to create one more easily. On systems using X11 (like Linux), you can create your own XKB layouts.
If you need more characters than can be supported with modifiers and dead keys, like typing Chinese or Japanese, then you need a full-fledged input method. An input method allows you to run arbitrary code to map what someone types into the text it produces; for example, in a Japanese input method, you may type a phonetic representation of what you you are writing, and it will show you a drop down list of possible characters that match that representation, allowing you to choose the appropriate ones. Windows provides the Input Method Manager for writing input methods, Mac OS X the Input Method Kit, and X11 has a few ways to do it, such as SCIM and iBus.
The standard input method for Ethiopic makes extensive use of dead keys. It looks like the most popular existing input method for Ethiopic is Keyman, which is a commercial input method that works on Mac and Windows, and in addition there's a free variant, KMFL, that works on Linux. SIL has keyboard downloads for this input method; they also have a keyboard layout for Mac OS X which uses dead keys to achieve the same thing. Mac OS X has more extensive dead key support, so it doesn't require an input method to support this form of input, while on Windows you need to use an input method like Keyman to be able to enter input this way. Google has a free input method for Windows, Google Input Tools for Windows, which supports Amharic, and allows you to customize its input schemes; you could try adapting their Amharic support for Tigrinya.
If you just need to support input on a web site, you could do this in JavaScript, by writing an input method in JavaScript that transliterates from what someone types into Ethiopic. I do not know of any existing frameworks for doing this; however, I have found Korean and Japanese input methods implemented in JavaScript. You could take a look at how those are implemented. Upon looking further, I've found that Tavultesoft, who make Keyman, also have KeymanWeb, a JavaScript based input method that you can buy and embed in your site. MediaWiki also has an input method extension Narayam, that includes a JavaScript based input method for MediaWiki based sites like Wikipedia, which includes an experimental Amharic input method. There is also a draft W3C IME API, which helps provide an interface between web apps and native IMEs, as well as JavaScript based IMEs. Given that it's still a draft, I don't know if it is yet supported anywhere.
With all the above (a character set, encoding, fonts, rendering support, and an input method), you will be able to create, share, and view documents in your script. If that's all you need, great; the above will allow you to work with documents in a given script. But for full support for a language on your computer, not just its script or writing system, there are two more pieces that you need: a locale, and your software to be localized (translated and adapted) for your language.
A locale specifies how programs should manipulate text in a given script, language, culture, and/or encoding. There are many common text processing operations that programs do: displaying numbers, displaying dates and times, sorting strings or names, and so on. How these should work can differ based on the language, script, and culture of the person using the program; for instance, in Swedish "ü" is sorted along with "y", while in English and German it's sorted along with "u". Differences may not be based on language: both Mexico and Spain use Spanish, but in Mexico numbers are displayed with . as the decimal separator (1½ is written "1.5"), while in Spain , is used as the decimal separator (1½ is written "1,5"). A locale specifies all of these rules. Because the locale can vary based on language, culture, and sometimes other factors, the language and country are usually used to specify the locale, and other information can be used as well.
The most widely used standard for naming locales is RFC 4646 (BCP 47). Locales are usually specified as "ln-CC" with the language code ln and country code CC: US English is en-US, British English is en-UK, and French in France is fr-FR. If more information needs to be specified, it can be included. For instance, Serbian can be written with either Latin or Cyrillic, and so Serbian in Serbia can be either sr-Latn-CS or sr-Cyrl-CS. Tigrinya in Eritrea is written ti-ER.
There are a variety of different formats for defining the rules that a particular locale has. Windows uses NLP files, a custom format that can be created with Microsoft Locale Builder. POSIX (Unix/Linux) locales can be created using localedef. Many systems these days are moving towards the Unicode Common Locale Data Registry, which specifies a standardized format for locale data as well as a comprehensive database of locales for many of the worlds languages. ICU is a library for C and Java (and used by many other environments) for manipulating Unicode text according to Unicode rules and locale data; they have a good browser for the data from the CLDR and their own locale data. For example, take a look at their entry for ti-ER.
Finally, for full support of a language, you need to translate the software itself into that language. There are, of course, many pieces of software, and each one contains many strings that need to be translated. Some software is not designed to be translated; it has not been internationalized. Some software can only be translated by whoever created it; the strings are built into the program and cannot be easily modified by a third party. But it is possible to localize some software, translating it to your language and culture. If the software has already been localized for several other languages and cultures, it is likely to be flexible enough to support a new language, and if it uses formats that are easily modifiable for localization information, it can be modified by third parties.
For instance, applications on Mac OS X store their localization data in separate files within the application bundle. There is a tool called AppleGlot (you need to register for the Mac Developer Program and go to the downloads area to find it) which can help you extract that data, provide a file with all of the strings which need to be translated, and allow you to combine that with the application again once you have. For open source software, such as much software available on Linux, you can work with the developers to provide translation. Some software uses gettext for translation strings, which use the PO file format that you can edit using poedit. Some uses Qt, for which you can use Qt Linguist. Or for dealing with a wide variety of formats, you can use a commercial offering like Swordfish or Transifex.
Of course, no one person can do all of the above; it takes many people working together to build support for a new language on modern computer systems. This is all intended to be a high-level tour of all of the components that go into language support for a given language, with references that will help you follow up on whichever aspects you would like to work on, as well as demonstrate what already works for Tigrinya and the Ge'ez script.
If they are Unicode characters they should be displayable just like characters of any other language. I googled it and found this, hopefully they're the same ones you're asking about:
የ ዩ ዪ ያ ዬ ይ ዮ
ዸ ዺ ዻ ዼ ዽ ዾ
See? No extra work required to display them on web browsers or other programs.
These are characters from the Unicode Ethiopic set (U+1200..U+137C), encoded in UTF-8:
Line 1:
የ = 0xE1 0x8B 0xA8 = U+12E8 = ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YA
ዩ = 0xE1 0x8B 0xA9 = U+12E9 = ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YU
ዪ = 0xE1 0x8B 0xAA = U+12EA = ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YI
ያ = 0xE1 0x8B 0xAB = U+12EB = ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YAA
ዬ = 0xE1 0x8B 0xAC = U+12EC = ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YEE
ይ = 0xE1 0x8B 0xAD = U+12ED = ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YE
ዮ = 0xE1 0x8B 0xAE = U+12EE = ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE YO
Line 2:
ዸ = 0xE1 0x8B 0xB8 = U+12F8 = ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDA
ዺ = 0xE1 0x8B 0xBA = U+12FA = ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDI
ዻ = 0xE1 0x8B 0xBB = U+12FB = ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDAA
ዼ = 0xE1 0x8B 0xBC = U+12FC = ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDEE
ዽ = 0xE1 0x8B 0xBD = U+12FD = ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDE
ዾ = 0xE1 0x8B 0xBE = U+12FE = ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE DDO
Using Ethiopian characters on web pages is mostly a matter of fonts these days. (You may also have a problem with entering them conveniently, but this depends on your authoring environmentPeople using e.g. Windows 7 have at least one font containing them, but old computers typically lack such fonts. The following fonts contain them (there may be others):
Code 2000, was freeware, the author has disappeared, so the status is obscure
Unifont, a free bitmap font
FreeSerif, a free font
Nyala, distributed with some versions of Windows
SunExt-A, a free font
Fixedsys Excelsior, a free bitmap font I suppose (haven’t tested)
I would probably use FreeSerif as a downloadable font, with #font-face.
Just came accross the same problem but there is a easy solution: Google provides now webfonts for many languages, also ethiopic:
http://www.google.com/fonts/earlyaccess
To write amharic or Tigrigna in web forms you can simply use Any Key firefox add on https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/any-key/ and there is for chrome too !!
But To create an editor using javascript you can see a site here http://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/amharic.htm and try to firgure it out how they implemented it !!
You probably want to look at
http://senamirmir.org/
which unless I am wrong has done what you want to do.
If you don't like their fonts SIL Abyssinica should be fine too (but it only includes one writing style).
The layout status will vary from system to system, to target *nix like systems you need a layout merged in
http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/XKeyboardConfig/
#Samaya, by now you probably got the answer you were looking for. But let me drop what I think. Based on your original question, I think you are trying to develop a small software which can be selected as utility(as a feature) and be used to display Geez alphabets without the need of installing a separate Geez application. For that, I reckon, the utility application should be developed in a way that it could be selected as a feature (language feature) in an operating system (Like Amharic in windows for instance). However, your subsequent comments seem to focus more on displaying Geez characters on a web. As many have suggested, we already have that functionality. But if you still want to develop an application for it, I would suggest you to have unicode (U1260-በ for instance) array and matching transcription array of your choices from a keyboard ( be - በ for instance). Your application then would use the array of transcription when keyboard key are entered and match them to the unicode to show the right alphabet in Geez. Not sure if I fully understood what you're looking for but I myself with colleagues did a project that included this type of work for the particular application. By the way, do you have to install Geez software to view Tigrigna/Geez transcript based website? If so, check your version of browser.
There are a lot of programmers editors that claim to support unicode / utf-8. I've tried a number of them (UltraEdit, jedit, emedit) but none of them tell you how to actually enter unicode characters into a file. Some of them tell you how to change the default file encoding to utf-8 or how to select a font that has good support for utf-8, but not how to enter utf-8 into a file using their editor.
The Go language (and some others) support utf-8 and I like the idea of using the actual utf-8 symbols for variables instead of variables with names like omega. I haven't found a programmers editor yet that actually allows you to do this, though.
The only editor / word processor that I've found that lets you how to enter unicode is Microsoft Word. Type the unicode and Alt+X and Word converts it. To get the Greek letter omega type "03c9" followed by Alt+X. UltraEdit will let you copy utf-8 from a web page into it, but their docs don't say how to actually enter utf-8 in a file, and their tech. support people don't know either.
This should be simple, but seems to be completely undocumented. Is there some key combination convention the lets you enter unicode into these editors that supposedly support unicode the way that Ctrl-F is widely used for search?
Thanks.
The standard programmer’s editor vim(1) supports limited Unicode input even if your operating system should be too broken to do so (are there any such, still?).
Just enter ^VuXXXX, where XXXX represents exactly four hex digits.
That will allow you to enter the ~6% of Unicode allocated to the Basic Multilingual Plane. The rest are forbidden to you.
This may be fixed in a newer release.
Otherwise, just use your mouse.
A few techniques I use if an editor is lacking:
Use the Windows charmap.exe utility to select characters and paste into a document.
Install an input method editor (IME) to write in a particular language.
Windows ALT keycodes.
Better to set your keyboard to generate Unicode characters across all Windows applications than to rely on a single application's custom input feature IMO.
Use the EnableHexNumpad feature and you can type any character in the Basic Multilingual Plane using Alt+numbad-plus,hexcode. (May not be of much use on a laptop without a numpad though.)
Or if there are particular characters you want to type a lot, find a keyboard layout that allows you to type them directly. For example eurokb might cover it, or you can make your own with MSKLC.
Old question, but you can type a lot of unicode in GNU Emacs or Vim
GNU Emacs: M-x set-input-method RET tex (or C-x RET C-\ tex) will let you type \omega to generate ω
Vim: Vim digraphs can generate unicode; C-k w * in insert mode gives you ω.
deceze hit the nail on the head. (S)he just didn't elaborate. bobince gave a bit more.
And I'm hazarding a guess that you're a developer or tester working on L14N or I18N. I'm also guessing you need to do more than just a few characters here or there, or you'd be satisfied with pasting from another app. So, I'll share some advice. (note: here, "you" refers to the next person to look here. I'm sure the original poster doesn't care anymore by now. :-))
If you're on Windows 10, install an appropriate keyboard driver that lets you input the characters you want into any application. I'm sure Linux has support for the same sort of thing.
E.g. I'm teaching myself Hindi (हिंदी), so I installed Windows' Hindi (Devanangari) support. I typed "Hindi", in Hindi using that support, then I switched back to US English to do the rest of this post. If all you need are accented characters from Western European languages, you can install the INTL English support and type directly in español or français or whatever.
Don't look at entering Unicode characters as entering some sort of special data amidst your English text. It's just someone else's language. Use their keyboard. Type their language.
I'm writing a flashcard app to help my learning. I'm using the Hindi keyboard support to type characters into Word, WordPad, Excel, and the Visual Studio editor. And that Hindi keyboard support works exactly the same way in all of those apps, as I'd expect it to work in just about any text editor that supports Unicode. And as you saw above, it also works in a simple text edit control in Chrome. No copy and paste. No remembering special codes. It's as ubiquitous as ctrl-F.
It looks like the unicode support in programmers editors (except for some Microsoft products) is mostly read-only. They can open a file with unicode and display the characters, but typing unicode into a file is a different story. If you want to enter unicode in a programmers editor you can copy it from somewhere else (a web page or Microsoft Word or Notepad) and paste it into the editor, but the editors make typing unicode difficult or impossible.
UltraEdit tech support referred me to this web page which explains a lot. Unfortunately none of the solutions worked with UltraEdit.
Microsoft Word and Notepad support unicode entry. Type the unicode value followed by Alt+X and it converts the hexadecimal and displays it. You can then copy and paste it into UltraEdit or one of the other programmers editors. As others have mentioned unicode support depends on support within the operating system as well as the editor.
What got me interested in using unicode in source code files is Mark Summerfield's book Programming in Go. He includes an example .go file that uses unicode. It would be great to use unicode Greek characters for variable names instead of variables named "omega" or "theta".
Using unicode in source code is a bad idea, however. Support for unicode in programmers editors is lousy, and developers would have to save or convert their source code files to utf-8 instead of ASCII. Developer's tools are just not ready to write code in unicode no matter how neat the idea sounds.
I copied large amount of text from another system to my PC. When I viewed the text in my PC, it looked weird. So I copied all the fonts from the other PC and installed them in mine too. Now the text looks okay, but actually it seems that is not in Unicode. For example, if I copy the text and paste in another UTF-8 supported editor such as Notepad++, I get English characters ("bgah;") only like shown below.
How to convert this whole text into unicode text, like the one below. So I can copy the text and paste anywhere else.
பெயர்
The above text was manually obtained using http://www.google.com/transliterate/indic/Tamil
I need this conversion to be done, so I can copy them into database tables.
'Ja-01' is a font with a custom 'visual encoding'.
That is to say, the sequence of characters really is "bgah;" and it only looks like Tamil to you because the font's shapes for the Latin characters bg look like பெ.
This is always to be avoided, because by storing the content as "bgah;" you lose the ability to search and process it as real Tamil, but this approach was common in the pre-Unicode days especially for less-widespread scripts without mature encoding standards. This application probably predates widespread use of TSCII.
Because it is a custom encoding not shared by any other font, it is very unlikely you will be able to find a tool to convert content in this encoding to proper Unicode characters. It does not appear to be any standard character ordering, so you will have to look at the font (eg in charmap.exe) and note down every character, find the matching character in Unicode and map between them.
For example here's a trivial Python script to replace characters in a file:
mapping= {
u'a': u'\u0BAF', # Tamil letter Ya
u'b': u'\u0BAA', # Tamil letter Pa
u'g': u'\u0BC6', # Tamil vowel sign E (combining)
u'h': u'\u0BB0', # Tamil letter Ra
u';': u'\u0BCD', # Tamil sign virama (combining)
# fill in the rest of the mapping information here!
}
with open('ja01data.txt', 'rb') as fp:
data= fp.read().decode('utf-8')
for char in mapping:
data= data.replace(char, mapping[char])
with open('utf8data.txt', 'wb') as fp:
fp.write(data.encode('utf-8'))
The font you found is getting you into trouble. The actual cell text is "bgah;", it gets rendered to பெயர் because you found a font that can work with 8-bit non-Unicode characters. So reading it or pasting it into Notepad++ is going to produce "bgah;" since that's the real text. It can only ever be rendered properly again by forcing the program that displays the string to use that same font.
Ditch the font and enter Unicode so it looks like this:
"bgah" looks like a Baamini based system, which is pre-unicode. It was popular in Canada (and the SL Tamil diaspora in general) in the 90s.
As the others mentioned, it looks like a custom visual encoding that mimics the performance of a foreign script while maintaining ASCII encoding.
Google "Baamini to unicode convertor". The University of Colombo seems to have put one up: http://www.ucsc.cmb.ac.lk/ltrl/services/feconverter/?maps=t_b-u.xml
Let me know if this works. If not, I can ask around and get something for you.
You could first check whether the encoding is TSCII, as this sounds most probable. It is an 8-bit encoding, and the fonts you copied are probably based on that encoding. Check out whether the TSCII to UTF-8 converter at SourceForge is suitable. The project there is called “Any Tamil Encoding to Unicode” but they say that only TSCII is supported for now.