I am trying to create a JWT for the authentication of Googles app engine
The main issue is that I need to create a signer with RSA using SHA-256 hashing algorithm.
The only library I found which supports this is Nimbus but their signing always uses the already created private key which is of type RSAPrivateKey, I need to be able to sign with the private key String I obtained from google.
How can I transform the String representation of my private key into a RSAPrivateKey object?
Related
So, I'm building an application for MTLS authentication and generate X509 certificates using AWS ACM PCA and bundle them together with a private key in PKCS#12 format.
At the moment I generate key pairs programatically in Java which are never stored.
But since I'm not a security expert I thought maybe it's better to use AWS KMS for creating key pairs.
So, it seem like what I need is a CMK which can generate data key pairs which are stored in KMS.
If they're stored in KMS and I can fetch the private key at any time, how is that more secure than not storing it at all?
Or is the purpose of KMS only to store keys securely?
If you have a use for the encrypted private key that kms.generateDataKeyPair will provide, then it would be of use. It would also be a nice way to ensure that your keys are being generated securely (secure randomness, etc).
It’s important to note, KMS will not store the generated key pair. The idea is that you would store the plaintext public key, and the encrypted private key, and call kms.decrypt to turn the encrypted private key into plaintext whenever you need it.
I've generated a key-pair using keytool -genkeypair command. I presume this create a pair of private key and public key.
I've also generated a CSR out of this key-pair using the keytool -certreg command. I got it signed by our CA (or whatever they call it) and I got another certificate in return along with it is its thumbprint.
My question is, what am I going to use that certificate for or what is its purpose? I'm still able to generate a JWT just using the private key.
A key is a set of mathematical parameters describing how to initialize certain algorithms for cryptographic operations, e.g. for signing/verification or for encryption/decryption.
A key pair merely is a pair of such keys where each key can verify what the other one has signed or where each key can decrypt what the other one has encrypted.
One key in such a pair is declared the public key and the other one the private key. (This choice is not completely arbitrary, there can be different extra requirements to a private key than to a public one.)
There is nothing in these keys declaring that they are bound to a specific person, to a specific issuer, to a specific purpose, to a specific accountability, etc.
This is where X.509 certificates come into the picture: A X.509 certificate is a structure that bundles the public key of a key pair with extra information like the name of the holder of the key pair, the name of an issuer of the certificate, validity time spans, and much more.
This structure furthermore contains a signature of all those other data in the structure. This signature is generated using the private key of the issuer of the certificate.
The information in the certificate in particular allows you to determine the issuer of it. If you trust organization of the issuer to only issue certificates to persons whose identity they checked, and if you successfully validated that the certificate signature is valid and created by the issuer, you can trust the identity of the holder of the key pair of a given certificate.
Thus,
My question is, what am I going to use that certificate for or what is its purpose? I'm still able to generate a JWT just using the private key.
you provide your certificate publicly to allow people to be sure of your identity when they use the contained public key to validate your signatures or encrypt information they send to you. Without a mechanism like the certificates you'd have to give people your public key in person for them to be sure of that.
Spring's default OAuth JWT flow (using client_credentials grant) is as follows:
Launch the Auth Server (AS)
Launch the Resource Server (RS)
At startup the RS requests the tokenKey by calling GET /oauth/token_key using Basic Auth
The AS returns a PUBLIC KEY using RS256 (SHA256withRSA)
Some time later, the Client requests an accessToken by calling GET /oauth/token using the client_credentials grant
The AS returns a JWT accessToken containing a JWS signature
The Client sends the JWT as a Bearer token to the RS
The RS uses the tokenKey that it received from the AS at startup to verify that the JWT accessToken came from the AS. This is where I get confused...
Is this secure? Why would a public cert be used rather than a shared secret key? Couldn't a hacker easily obtain the public key and sign their own valid JWT accessToken? How does the usage of the public key cert and the JWT signature work together to verify that the sender was actually the Auth Server and not an attacker?
Any insight would help.
Some research into the nature of public key cryptography and digital signatures gleans this:
Digital signatures implement asymmetric cryptography. A digital signature gives the receiver reason to believe the message was sent by the claimed sender. Similar to a handwritten signature they are difficult to forge. The signer, in this case, the AS, uses a secret PrivateKey to create the signature. Some non-repudiation schemes offer a time stamp for the digital signature, so that even when the PrivateKey is exposed, the signature is valid.
A digital signature scheme typically consists of 3 algorithms
1) A key generation algorithm that selects a PrivateKey uniformly at random from a set of possible private keys. The algorithm outputs the private key and a corresponding public key.
2) A signing algorithm that creates a signature using the message and the private key
3) A signature verifying algorithm that, given the message, PublicKey and signature, either accepts or rejects the message's claim to authenticity.
In this case (RS256), the signature was created using SHA256withRSA which is not used as an encryption algorithm, rather it is used to verify the origin or the authenticity of the data. The signature was generated using a private key. The public key is passed to the Resource server to be used to verify the signature. In this scenario, even if an attacker has the PublicKey, they cannot create a spoof message with the signature or alter the contents.
Scenario
A SOAP web service provides an interface for retrieving documents and data. Security is paramount.
WS-Security is used and both the client and server encrypt and sign the entire SOAP envelope.
Questions
Should the private key used for signing be compiled into the application and stored on the device or should it provided by the server using a key exchange protocol (perhaps after authentication of the user)?
Should the private key for decryption be stored on the device or provided by the server?
Is it realistic to have a unique key for each file that is to be decrypted by the server (if uploading from client) or decrypted by the client (if downloading from server)?
Just a couple suggestions:
-You should consider symmetric keys embedded into anything outside your server as public due to reverse engineering (i.e. don't bother even encrypting if the key is out in the wild).
-You should use a per-session symmetric key generated by a secure RNG on the client, and transmitted to the server encrypted with the global asymmetric public key. Private keys have a shelf-life.
-You can use the session key for all files/streams transferred in that session, but you should use a unique nonce to salt the symmetric-key encryption for each file. Depending on the encryption mode, using the same key/nonce with more than one stream can leave you vulnerable to XOR'ing the two streams and recovering a mashed-together but unencrypted result.
The entire concept of a private key is defeated if it has to be transmitted from one device to another. Each end of the communication channel must generate their own private keys. Note, that this doesn't mean compiling private keys into an executable, because then everyone with the executable shares a private key, which is obviously not what you want. Each individual device has to use a cryptographically secure source of random numbers to generate it's own public/private key pair. Then public keys can be exchanged in the clear, you can use them to exchange session keys (which can be unique for each and every file), private keys can sign, and everybody is happy.
But remember: Never, ever hard code private keys, and never, ever share them with anybody.
I'm working on a Single Sign On solution to allow my company to integrate with other vendors.
As I'm doing my research, one thing is constantly confusing me.
My understanding of Public/Private key is that data is always encrypted with the vendor's public key and they decrypt using their private key. So far so good.
However, to validate that the message is really coming from me, I will compute the hash of the message and encrypt the hash with my private key (this process is also known as signing). To verify that the message is coming from me, the vendor will use my public key to decrypt the Hash and compare it with the unencrypted hash. If they match, the vendor can be confident that it came from me.
So how come my private key is used to encrypt the message..and how can public key decrypt the message? I thought Asymmetric keys doesn't allow that..! i.e Public Key always encrypts and private key always decrypts. Any explanations will be greatly appreciated..!
Encryption and signature are two different systems. In some ways, they work in opposite directions.
With public-key encryption, anybody can encrypt data with the public key. Only the owner of the private key can decrypt encrypted messages to recover the data.
With signatures, only the owner of the private key can sign messages. Anybody can use the public key to verify the signature of a message.
My understanding of Public/Private key is that data is always encrypted with the vendor's public key and they decrypt using their private key.
That's correct. But it only covers public-key encryption, not other uses of public-key cryptography such as signatures.
However, to validate that the message is really coming from me, I will compute the hash of the message and encrypt the hash with my private key (this process is also known as signing).
Actually, this process should only be known as signing. Calling it “encrypting with my private key” is very misleading: that's not the way it actually works. There is one popular type of keys (RSA) which can be used for both signature and encryption, but even with RSA, the signature and decryption mechanisms are different.
To verify that the message is coming from me, the vendor will use my public key to decrypt the Hash and compare it with the unencrypted hash. If they match, the vendor can be confident that it came from me.
That's not quite correct. Many signature algorithms are not deterministic. Verifying a signature is not done by reversing the signature process, but by making some slightly different calculations involving the signature, the message and the key.
So how come my private key is used to encrypt the message..and how can public key decrypt the message? I thought Asymmetric keys doesn't allow that..! i.e Public Key always encrypts and private key always decrypts. Any explanations will be greatly appreciated..!
The private key is used to sign the message, not to encrypt it. The public key is used to verify the signed message, not to decrypt it.
i found this link very helpful :
http://www.nusphere.com/products/library/ssl.htm
Wayback Machine archive from 2007 of the above nusphere link.
HTH
Ohad
EDIT
after 2.5 years, I see that the link is broken. So this one is good as well.
And in case it will be broken again in 2.5 years from today, here is the summary:
The Public Key is what its name suggests - Public. It is made
available to everyone via a publicly accessible repository or
directory. On the other hand, the Private Key must remain confidential
to its respective owner.
Because the key pair is mathematically related, whatever is encrypted
with a Public Key may only be decrypted by its corresponding Private
Key and vice versa.
Public Key Cryptography can therefore achieve Confidentiality. However
another important aspect of Public Key Cryptography is its ability to
create a Digital Signature.
The difference between symmetric and asymmetric encryption is only the existence of private and public keys.
Nevertheless in the common algorithms you can use the private key to encrypt messages which can be decrypted with the public key and you can also decrypt messages which are encrypted with the public key. So it is possible in both directions.