I'm designing my API, and I specify an optional API version in the URL
GET /Issuer/{certificate-name}/versions?api-version=2016-10-01[&maxresults]
Should I also have one specified in the HTTP Header (for flexibility)?
What should I do if there is a conflict between the two approaches?
There is no obvious advantage to allowing an input of API version from 2 different input methods (querystring, and Header). However, the disadvantage here is conflict resolution if both are specified by the client.
There is no right or wrong way of where an API version should be specified, whether in the header or the querystring. But keep in mind that URLs require parsing, while mostly done the by framework, but still a compute resource you are spending to parse the URL to extract the value from.
I (personally) prefer using the header out of simplicity. Plus it feels more cleaner to keep the URL as an address only to point to the function/intent of the client.
After having read a lot of material on REST versioning, I am thinking of versioning the calls instead of the API. For example:
http://api.mydomain.com/callfoo/v2.0/param1/param2/param3
http://api.mydomain.com/verifyfoo/v1.0/param1/param2
instead of first having
http://api.mydomain.com/v1.0/callfoo/param1/param2
http://api.mydomain.com/v1.0/verifyfoo/param1/param2
then going to
http://api.mydomain.com/v2.0/callfoo/param1/param2/param3
http://api.mydomain.com/v2.0/verifyfoo/param1/param2
The advantage I see are:
When the calls change, I do not have to rewrite my entire client - only the parts that are affected by the changed calls.
Those parts of the client that work can continue as is (we have a lot of testing hours invested to ensure both the client and the server sides are stable.)
I can use permanent or non-permanent redirects for calls that have changed.
Backward compatibility would be a breeze as I can leave older call versions as is.
Am I missing something? Please advise.
Require an HTTP header.
Version: 1
The Version header is provisionally registered in RFC 4229 and there some legitimate reasons to avoid using an X- prefix or a usage-specific URI. A more typical header was proposed by yfeldblum at https://stackoverflow.com/a/2028664:
X-API-Version: 1
In either case, if the header is missing or doesn't match what the server can deliver, send a 412 Precondition Failed response code along with the reason for the failure. This requires clients to specify the version they support every single time but enforces consistent responses between client and server. (Optionally supporting a ?version= query parameter would give clients an extra bit of flexibility.)
This approach is simple, easy to implement and standards-compliant.
Alternatives
I'm aware that some very smart, well-intentioned people have suggested URL versioning and content negotiation. Both have significant problems in certain cases and in the form that they're usually proposed.
URL Versioning
Endpoint/service URL versioning works if you control all servers and clients. Otherwise, you'll need to handle newer clients falling back to older servers, which you'll end up doing with custom HTTP headers because system administrators of server software deployed on heterogeneous servers outside of your control can do all sorts of things to screw up the URLs you think will be easy to parse if you use something like 302 Moved Temporarily.
Content Negotiation
Content negotiation via the Accept header works if you are deeply concerned about following the HTTP standard but also want to ignore what the HTTP/1.1 standard documents actually say. The proposed MIME Type you tend to see is something of the form application/vnd.example.v1+json. There are a few problems:
There are cases where the vendor extensions are actually appropriate, of course, but slightly different communication behaviors between client and server doesn't really fit the definition of a new 'media type'. Also, RFC 2616 (HTTP/1.1) reads, "Media-type values are registered with the Internet Assigned Number Authority. The media type registration process is outlined in RFC 1590. Use of non-registered media types is discouraged." I don't want to see a separate media type for every version of every software product that has a REST API.
Any subtype ranges (e.g., application/*) don't make sense. For REST APIs that return structured data to clients for processing and formatting, what good is accepting */* ?
The Accept header takes some effort to parse correctly. There's both an implied and explicit precedence that should be followed to minimize the back-and-forth required to actually do content negotiation correctly. If you're concerned about implementing this standard correctly, this is important to get right.
RFC 2616 (HTTP/1.1) describes the behavior for any client that does not include an Accept header: "If no Accept header field is present, then it is assumed that the client accepts all media types." So, for clients you don't write yourself (where you have the least control), the most correct thing to do would be to respond to requests using the newest, most prone-to-breaking-old-versions version that the server knows about. In other words, you could have not implemented versioning at all and those clients would still be breaking in exactly the same way.
Edited, 2014:
I've read a lot of the other answers and everyone's thoughtful comments; I hope I can improve on this with the benefit of a couple of years of feedback:
Don't use an 'X-' prefix. I think Accept-Version is probably more meaningful in 2014, and there are some valid concerns about the semantics of re-using Version raised in the comments. There's overlap with defined headers like Content-Version and the relative opaqueness of the URI for sure, and I try to be careful about confusing the two with variations on content negotiation, which the Version header effectively is. The third 'version' of the URL https://example.com/api/212315c2-668d-11e4-80c7-20c9d048772b is wholly different than the 'second', regardless of whether it contains data or a document.
Regarding what I said above about URL versioning (endpoints like https://example.com/v1/users, for instance) the converse probably holds more truth: if you control all servers and clients, URL/URI versioning is probably what you want. For a large-scale service that could publish a single service URL, I would go with a different endpoint for every version, like most do. My particular take is heavily influenced by the fact that the implementation as described above is most commonly deployed on lots of different servers by lots of different organizations, and, perhaps most importantly, on servers I don't control. I always want a canonical service URL, and if a site is still running the v3 version of the API, I definitely don't want a request to https://example.com/v4/ to come back with their web server's 404 Not Found page (or even worse, 200 OK that returns their homepage as 500k of HTML over cellular data back to an iPhone app.)
If you want very simple /client/ implementations (and wider adoption), it's very hard to argue that requiring a custom header in the HTTP request is as simple for client authors as GET-ting a vanilla URL. (Although authentication often requires your token or credentials to be passed in the headers, anyway. Using Version or Accept-Version as a secret handshake along with an actual secret handshake fits pretty well.)
Content negotiation using the Accept header is good for getting different MIME types for the same content (e.g., XML vs. JSON vs. Adobe PDF), but not defined for versions of those things (Dublin Core 1.1 vs. JSONP vs. PDF/A). If you want to support the Accept header because it's important to respect industry standards, then you won't want a made-up MIME Type interfering with the media type negotiation you might need to use in your requests. A bespoke API version header is guaranteed not to interfere with the heavily-used, oft-cited Accept, whereas conflating them into the same usage will just be confusing for both server and client. That said, namespacing what you expect into a named profile per 2013's RFC6906 is preferable to a separate header for lots of reasons. This is pretty clever, and I think people should seriously consider this approach.
Adding a header for every request is one particular downside to working within a stateless protocol.
Malicious proxy servers can do almost anything to destroy HTTP requests and responses. They shouldn't, and while I don't talk about the Cache-Control or Vary headers in this context, all service creators should carefully consider how their content is consumed in lots of different environments.
This is a matter of opinion; here's mine, along with the motivation behind the opinion.
include the version in the URL.
For those who say, it belongs in the HTTP header, I say: maybe. But putting in the URL is the accepted way to do it according to the early leaders in the field. (Google, yahoo, twitter, and more). This is what developers expect and doing what developers expect, in other words acting in accordance with the principle of least astonishment, is probably a good idea. It absolutely does not make it "harder for clients to upgrade". If the change in URL somehow represents an obstacle to the developer of a consuming application, as suggested in a different answer here, that developer needs to be fired.
Skip the minor version
There are plenty of integers. You're not gonna run out. You don't need the decimal in there. Any change from 1.0 to 1.1 of your API shouldn't break existing clients anyway. So just use the natural numbers. If you like to use separation to imply larger changes, you can start at v100 and do v200 and so on, but even there I think YAGNI and it's overkill.
Put the version leftmost in the URI
Presumably there are going to be multiple resources in your model. They all need to be versioned in synchrony. You can't have people using v1 of resource X, and v2 of resource Y. It's going to break something. If you try to support that it will create a maintenance nightmare as you add versions, and there's no value add for the developer anyway. So, http://api.mydomain.com/v1/Resource/12345 , where Resource is the type of resource, and 12345 gets replaced by the resource id.
You didn't ask, but...
Omit verbs from your URL path
REST is resource oriented. You have things like "CallFoo" in your URL path, which looks suspiciously like a verb, and unlike a noun. This is wrong. Use the Force, Luke. Use the verbs that are part of REST: GET PUT POST DELETE and so on. If you want to get the verification on a resource, then do GET http://domain/v1/Foo/12345/verification. If you want to update it, do POST /v1/Foo/12345.
Put optional params as a query param or payload
The optional params should not be in the URL path (before the first question mark) unless you are suggesting that those optional params constitute a self-standing resource. So, POST /v1/Foo/12345?action=partialUpdate¶m1=123¶m2=abc.
Don't do either of those things, because they push the version into the URI structure, and that's going to have downsides for your client applications. It will make it harder for them to upgrade to take advantage of new features in your application.
Instead, you should version your media types, not your URIs. This will give you maximum flexibility and evolutionary ability. For more information, see this answer I gave to another question.
I like using the profile media type parameter:
application/json; profile="http://www.myapp.com/schema/entity/v1"
More Info:
https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6906
http://buzzword.org.uk/2009/draft-inkster-profile-parameter-00.html
It depends on what you call versions in your API, if you call versions to different representations (xml, json, etc) of the entities then you should use the accept headers or a custom header. That is the way http is designed for working with representations. It is RESTful because if I call the same resource at the same time but requesting different representations, the returned entities will have exactly the same information and property structure but with different format, this kind of versioning is cosmetic.
In the other hand if you understand 'versions' as changes in entity structure, for example adding a field 'age' to the 'user' entity. Then you should approach this from a resource perspective which is in my opinion the RESTful approach. As described by Roy Fielding in his disseration ...a REST resource is a mapping from an identifier to a set of entities... Therefore makes sense that when changing the structure of an entity you need to have a proper resource that points to that version. This kind of versioning is structural.
I made a similar comment in: http://codebetter.com/howarddierking/2012/11/09/versioning-restful-services/
When working with url versioning the version should come later and not earlier in the url:
GET/DELETE/PUT onlinemall.com/grocery-store/customer/v1/{id}
POST onlinemall.com/grocery-store/customer/v1
Another way of doing that in a cleaner way but which could be problematic when implementing:
GET/DELETE/PUT onlinemall.com/grocery-store/customer.v1/{id}
POST onlinemall.com/grocery-store/customer.v1
Doing it this way allows the client to request specifically the resource they want which maps to the entity they need. Without having to mess with headers and custom media types which is really problematic when implementing in a production environment.
Also having the url late in the url allows the clients to have more granularity when choosing specifically the resources they want, even at method level.
But the most important thing from a developer perspective, you don't need to maintain the whole mappings (paths) for every version to all the resources and methods. Which is very valuable when you have lot of sub-resources (embedded resources).
From an implementation perspective having it at the level of resource is really easy to implement, for example if using Jersey/JAX-RS:
#Path("/customer")
public class CustomerResource {
...
#GET
#Path("/v{version}/{id}")
public IDto getCustomer(#PathParam("version") String version, #PathParam("id") String id) {
return locateVersion(version, customerService.findCustomer(id));
}
...
#POST
#Path("/v1")
#Consumes(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
public IDto insertCustomerV1(CustomerV1Dto customer) {
return customerService.createCustomer(customer);
}
#POST
#Path("/v2")
#Consumes(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
public IDto insertCustomerV2(CustomerV2Dto customer) {
return customerService.createCustomer(customer);
}
...
}
IDto is just an interface for returning a polymorphic object, CustomerV1 and CustomerV2 implement that interface.
Facebook does verisoning in the url. I feel url versioning is cleaner and easier to maintain as well in the real world.
.Net makes it super easy to do versioning this way:
[HttpPost]
[Route("{version}/someCall/{id}")]
public HttpResponseMessage someCall(string version, int id))
Can I just assume if I need to do a HTTP POST to a url to get back a string of data (JSON or otherwise) that it is a RESTful API? Or is there another term for a general api like this?
I understand that there is probably more behind the scenes on the server that could determine if it is a true RESTful API, but as far as the client can tell, are there any other characteristics?
It might be part of a RESTful API; it certainly doesn't sound incompatible with one. If it was RESTful, you'd also have extensive use of HTTP GET for doing reading of things (with content negotiation to determine the format — the representation — to deliver the values as), proper use of HTTP verbs for the true meaning (not everything is a POST!) and HTTP error codes for their meanings (not everything is a 200!) and there would be hypertext linking to allow everything to be located.
REST is just a way of writing a rather dynamic website. That implements a service.
I want to ask some questions about the REST call. I am the green for the REST call and I would like to like what is REST call and how to use the URL to send a REST call to the server. Can anyone give me some basic tutorial or link for my to reference?
Besides, if I want to send a REST call to the server, what should I do? Do I need to set something in the URL? or set something in the server? Thank you.
REST is just a software architecture style for exposing resources.
Use HTTP methods explicitly.
Be stateless.
Expose directory structure-like URIs.
Transfer XML, JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), or both.
A typical REST call to return information about customer 34456 could look like:
http://example.com/customer/34456
Have a look at the IBM tutorial for REST web services
REST is somewhat of a revival of old-school HTTP, where the actual HTTP verbs (commands) have semantic meaning. Til recently, apps that wanted to update stuff on the server would supply a form containing an 'action' variable and a bunch of data. The HTTP command would almost always be GET or POST, and would be almost irrelevant. (Though there's almost always been a proscription against using GET for operations that have side effects, in reality a lot of apps don't care about the command used.)
With REST, you might instead PUT /profiles/cHao and send an XML or JSON representation of the profile info. (Or rather, I would -- you would have to update your own profile. :) That'd involve logging in, usually through HTTP's built-in authentication mechanisms.) In the latter case, what you want to do is specified by the URL, and the request body is just the guts of the resource involved.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer has some details.
I'm working on an iPhone project that needs to receive data from a PHP script during execution. My first thought was to use sockets/streams on either end to connect the two, but I am having trouble finding information on how to do this from the iPhone side.
Has anyone been down this path that could point me towards some useful resources or offer some advice? The official documentation seems to be geared more towards desktop apps and uses code that doesn't seem to be supported on the iPhone (namely NSHost).
Update: The intended use of this app is to receive log messages from an executing script, so I can't use a simple HTTP request with JSON or XML. Many cases will involve the page being loaded by another client, where the script would relay/push log messages to the iPhone.
Polling is evil. You'll chew through batteries doing that.
You might consider running an HTTP server on the iPhone. Check out this blog post; it has an implementation of an HTTP server in Cocoa as well as example code for using it for two-way communication.
The PHP CURL library (can't link it because the site doesn't trust me yet, just search php.net for it) is a (relatively) simple, easy way to make http requests with a PHP script.
Why don't you just use HTTP? Create an ad-hoc protocol with XML or JSON, use POST for upstream data transmission. I'm a fan of JSON for this sort of thing, personally. The PHP, instead of returning a webpage in HTML for rendering, should just return your data in a JSON format.