We were asked in an exercise to create a sinusoidal signal of 0.8 seconds with an amplitude of 1 and frequency equal to 100 Hz sampled at 1000 Hz, but in the answer I found:
A=1;fs=100;fe=1000;
te=1/fe;
t=0:te:0.8;
s=A*cos(2*pi*fs*t);
plot(s);
And in another exercise: write a script for a sinusoidal signal of amplitude 1 and 200kHz frequency, over a period N = 64, sampled at 150 kHz, the answer was :
%Signal
fs=200;N=64;
ts=1/fs;
A=1;
subplot(211);
t=0:0.00001:N*ts;
x=sin(2*pi*t*fs);
plot(t,x);
title('signal sinusoidal');
%Sampling
Fe=input('Fe=');
te=1/Fe;
t1=0:te:N*te;
xe=sin(2*pi*t1*fs);
subplot(212);
stem(t1,xe);
I'm so confused. When to put a sin and when to put a cosine? My question is why they put a cosine instead of a sin? Is there some kind of rule behind it?
Thanks in advance.
Any of those choices qualifies as a sinusoid. Note that
cos(2*pi*fs*t)
is the same as
sin(2*pi*fs*t + pi/2)
In general,
sin(2*pi*fs*t + phi)
is a sinusoid for any choice of phi (as would be cos(2*pi*fs*t + phi)) . phi is the initial phase (or simply phase) of the sinusoid. To know which phi to use you would need an additional condition.
Related
I want to find fft of cos(2pi10*n). I wrote this code but it has two problems. First, the estimated frequency is not 10 Hz. Second, from theory I expected that the amplitude of frequency should be pi. I found that the amplitude is dependent to size of fft. I appreciate any help.
n = 0:1:9;
x = cos(2*pi*10*n);
xdft = fft(x);
w=0:2*pi/(10):2*pi-2*pi/(10);
plot(abs(xdft) )
You must have overlooked the fact that, since the frequency of your signal is 10 Hz, you must sample it at no less than 20 Hz, lest it appear aliased during spectral analysis:
for i=1:4
if i==1
fs=1; %this is the value originally considered in OP's code
elseif i==2
fs=8;
elseif i==3
fs=20;
else
fs=40;
end
n=0:(1/fs):9;
x=cos(2*pi*10*n);
xdft=fft(x);
f=(0:(numel(x)-1))/numel(x)*fs;
subplot(4,1,i);
stem(f,abs(xdft),'.-');
xlabel('Frequency [Hz]');
end
I have a modulated signal, and now I want to perform an FFT. However, I am getting a spur at a high frequency, which should not be there (and if it should, I have no clue as to why).
Lvl=[0.5,0.9,0.5,0.5,0.1,0.1,0.9,0.5];
fa=60; %the frequency of the parasitic source in hertz
np=2; %number of periods per bit
kl=length(Lvl);
t=0:0.01*np/fa:np*kl/fa;
Sig=sin(2*pi*fa*t);
for n=1:1:101
Sig(n)=Sig(n)*Lvl(1);
end
for n=102:1:201
Sig(n)=Sig(n)*Lvl(2);
end
for n=202:1:301
Sig(n)=Sig(n)*Lvl(3);
end
for n=302:1:401
Sig(n)=Sig(n)*Lvl(4);
end
for n=402:1:501
Sig(n)=Sig(n)*Lvl(5);
end
for n=502:1:601
Sig(n)=Sig(n)*Lvl(6);
end
for n=602:1:701
Sig(n)=Sig(n)*Lvl(7);
end
for n=702:1:801
Sig(n)=Sig(n)*Lvl(8);
end
plot(t,Sig)
%FFT
y = fft(Sig);
f = (0:length(y)-1)*(1/(0.01*np/fa))/length(y);
plot(f,abs(y))
title('Magnitude')
I'm expecting just a spike at 60Hz with spurs around it, but instead I'm getting that and a large spike at almost 3kHz with spurs around it.
This peak at almost 3 kHz should be there, since the fft of a real is signal symmetric around the nyquist frequency (actually complex conjugate). The nyquist frequency is half the samping frequency, in your case sampling is done at 3000 Hz, thus the nyquist frequency is 1500 Hz. If you look closer at the peak, you will see that it is at 2940 Hz (which is 3000-60 Hz), due to the fact that the fft is mirrored around 1500 Hz.
There are plenty of sources that explain why this is a property of the Fourier transform (e.g. here).
The actual Fourier transform would be mirrored around the zero frequency, but the fft gives you the fast Fourier transform, which is mirrored around the nyquist frequency. You can use fftshift to center the spectrum around the zero frequency.
I took the liberty to shorten your code, by avoiding repetition of several for-loops, and added the fftshift. Since your signal is real, you can also choose to show only one side of the fft, but I'll leave that up to you.
Lvl=[0.5,0.9,0.5,0.5,0.1,0.1,0.9,0.5];
fa=60; % the frequency of the parasitic source in hertz
np=2; % number of periods per bit
kl = length(Lvl);
dt = 0.01*np/fa; % time step
Tend = np*kl/fa - dt; % time span
t = 0:dt:Tend; % time vector
N = length(t); % number samples
Sig=sin(2*pi*fa*t);
for n = 1:kl
ids = (1:100) + (n-1)*100;
Sig(ids) = Sig(ids).*Lvl(n);
end
% FFT
Y = fft(Sig);
fv = (0:N-1)/(N*dt); % frequency range
% FFT shift:
Y_shift = fftshift(Y);
fv_shift = (-N/2:N/2-1)/(N*dt); % zero centered frequency vector
% Plot
figure(1); clf
subplot(311)
plot(t,Sig)
title('Signal')
subplot(312)
plot(fv,abs(Y))
title('FFT Magnitude')
subplot(313)
plot(fv_shift,abs(Y_shift))
title('FFT Magnitude zero shift')
I am new in matlab so maybe my question is stupid. I have a two signals rec(t) and sent(t) for which I want to find time delay through phase vs. frequency realtionship obtained from cross spectrum. I obtained cross spectrum through the FFT of the cross corelation between rec(t) and sent(t). Here it is:
time=data(15:length(data),1); %time of measurement - s
sent=data(15:length(data),2); %sent signal - mV
rec=data(15:length(data),3); %recorded signal - mV
samples=length(time); %number of samples
Fs=samples/max(time); %sampling frequency - Hz
dt=max(time)/samples; %time interval - s
freq=(0:samples/2)/samples/dt; %frequency scale for FFT
FFTrec=fft(rec); %FFT of recorded signal
FFTsent=fft(sent); %FFT of sent signal
CorrRecSent=(ifft(FFTrec.*conj(FFTsent))); %cross correlation definition
CS=fft(CorrRecSent); %cross spectrum (CS)
amp=abs(CS); %amplitude of CS
amp1=amp(1:samples/2+1); %amplitude of CS for half of the frequency spectrum
A2=angle(CS);
A1=A2(1:samples/2+1); %phase angle of (CS)
A=unwrap(A1); %unwrapped phase
plot(freq,(A));
xlabel('frequency (Hz)')
ylabel('phase (rad)')
And here is the plot. Is there any command or procedure how can I obtain exact phase angles for given frequencies (marked with black line)? Or how can I find the slope of the drawn orange line? I chose this range of frequencies because my sent signal was 5 kHz, so something around was chosen.
Thanks for help.
In the plot, you are setting freq as your x-axis vector, and A as your y-axis vector.
If you want to know the slope of the orange line, you first need to know the index where 4000Hz and 8000Hz is:
f1 = find(freq==4000);
f2 = find(freq==8000);
Then you can check which is the phase in this two points:
p1 = A(f1);
p2 = A(f2);
Finally the slope will be deltaX / deltaY:
slope = (f2-f1)/(p2-p1);
This question already has an answer here:
Audioread in matlab of wav file and FFT
(1 answer)
Closed 7 years ago.
I wrote a small script to get the fft of a sinus signal :
N = 1000; % number of samples
n = (0:N-1)'; % generate a vector n for x[n]
Fs_normal = 36621.09375;
%generate a signal in pass-band, N samples and simulate filter
f0 = 1000; % set 1000 Hz
x= sin(2*pi*f0*n/Fs_normal); % input signal
figure(3);
stem(x),title('sinus wave with 1000 Hz (n)'),grid;
figure(4);
plot(abs(fft(x))),grid,title('FFT of sin wave with 1000 Hz frequency');
here is the fft result that I get :
as you can see the axis doesn't make any sense ( at least to me), is there a way to get this the right way ?
The FFT gives you 1000 bins
freqvals = [0:N-1]/N * Fs_normal;
plot(freqvals, abs(fft(x))),grid,title('FFT of sin wave with 1000 Hz frequency');
You have to add the scale on your own. The whole FFT gives you also 1000 complex coefficients back when you give it 1000 samples. The range is from 0 to the sampling frequency.
Bins are separated by a frequency shift of Fs_normal/N.
I'm working on sound signals of a walking pattern, which has obvious regular patterns:
Then I thought I can get the frequency of walking (approximately 1.7Hz from the image) using FFT function:
x = walk_5; % Walking sound with a size of 711680x2 double
Fs = 48000; % sound frquency
L=length(x);
t=(1:L)/Fs; %time base
plot(t,x);
figure;
NFFT=2^nextpow2(L);
X=fft(x,NFFT);
Px=X.*conj(X)/(NFFT*L); %Power of each freq components
fVals=Fs*(0:NFFT/2-1)/NFFT;
plot(fVals,Px(1:NFFT/2),'b','LineSmoothing','on','LineWidth',1);
title('One Sided Power Spectral Density');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)')
ylabel('PSD');
But then it doesn't give me what I expected:
FFT result:
zoom image has lots of noises:
and there is no information near 1.7Hz
Here is the graph from log domain using
semilogy(fVals,Px(1:NFFT));
It's pretty symmetric though:
I couldn't find anything wrong with my code. Do you have any solutions to easily extract the 1.7Hz from the walking pattern?
here is the link for the audio file in mat
https://www.dropbox.com/s/craof8qkz9n5dr1/walk_sound.mat?dl=0
Thank you very much!
Kai
I suggest you to forget about DFT approach since your signal is not appropriate for this type of analysis due to many reasons. Even by looking on the spectrum in range of frequencies that you are interested in, there is no easy way to estimate the peak:
Of course you could try with PSD/STFT and other funky methods, but this is an overkill. I can think of two, rather simple methods, for this task.
First one is based simply on the Auto Correlation Function.
Calculate the ACF
Define the minimum distance between them. Since you know that expected frequency is around 1.7Hz, then it corresponds to 0.58s. Let's make it 0.5s as the minimum distance.
Calculate the average distance between peaks found.
This gave me an approximate frequency of 1.72 Hz .
Second approach is based on the observation to your signal already has some peaks which are periodic. Therefore we can simply search for them using findpeaks function.
Define the minimum peak distance in a same way as before.
Define the minimum peak height. For example 10% of maximum peak.
Get the average difference.
This gave me an average frequency of 1.7 Hz.
Easy and fast method. There are obviously some things that can be improved, such as:
Refining thresholds
Finding both positive and negative peaks
Taking care of some missing peaks, i.e. due to low amplitude
Anyway that should get you started, instead of being stuck with crappy FFT and lazy semilogx.
Code snippet:
load walk_sound
fs = 48000;
dt = 1/fs;
x = walk_5(:,1);
x = x - mean(x);
N = length(x);
t = 0:dt:(N-1)*dt;
% FFT based
win = hamming(N);
X = abs(fft(x.*win));
X = 2*X(1:N/2+1)/sum(win);
X = 20*log10(X/max(abs(X)));
f = 0:fs/N:fs/2;
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t, x)
grid on
xlabel('t [s]')
ylabel('A')
title('Time domain signal')
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(f, X)
grid on
xlabel('f [Hz]')
ylabel('A [dB]')
title('Signal Spectrum')
% Autocorrelation
[ac, lag] = xcorr(x);
min_dist = ceil(0.5*fs);
[pks, loc] = findpeaks(ac, 'MinPeakDistance', min_dist);
% Average distance/frequency
avg_dt = mean(gradient(loc))*dt;
avg_f = 1/avg_dt;
figure
plot(lag*dt, ac);
hold on
grid on
plot(lag(loc)*dt, pks, 'xr')
title(sprintf('ACF - Average frequency: %.2f Hz', avg_f))
% Simple peak finding in time domain
[pkst, loct] = findpeaks(x, 'MinPeakDistance', min_dist, ...
'MinPeakHeight', 0.1*max(x));
avg_dt2 = mean(gradient(loct))*dt;
avg_f2 = 1/avg_dt2;
figure
plot(t, x)
grid on
hold on
plot(loct*dt, pkst, 'xr')
xlabel('t [s]')
ylabel('A')
title(sprintf('Peak search in time domain - Average frequency: %.2f Hz', avg_f2))
Here's a nifty solution:
Take the absolute value of your raw data before taking the FFT. The data has a ton of high frequency noise that is drowning out whatever low frequency periodicity is present in the signal. The amplitude of the high frequency noise gets bigger every 1.7 seconds, and the increase in amplitude is visible to the eye, and periodic, but when you multiply the signal by a low frequency sine wave and sum everything you still end up with something close to zero. Taking the absolute value changes this, making those amplitude modulations periodic at low frequencies.
Try the following code comparing the FFT of the regular data with the FFT of abs(data). Note that I took a few liberties with your code, such as combining what I assume were the two stereo channels into a single mono channel.
x = (walk_5(:,1)+walk_5(:,2))/2; % Convert from sterio to mono
Fs = 48000; % sampling frquency
L=length(x); % length of sample
fVals=(0:L-1)*(Fs/L); % frequency range for FFT
walk5abs=abs(x); % Take the absolute value of the raw data
Xold=abs(fft(x)); % FFT of the data (abs in Matlab takes complex magnitude)
Xnew=abs(fft(walk5abs-mean(walk5abs))); % FFT of the absolute value of the data, with average value subtracted
figure;
plot(fVals,Xold/max(Xold),'r',fVals,Xnew/max(Xnew),'b')
axis([0 10 0 1])
legend('old method','new method')
[~,maxInd]=max(Xnew); % Index of maximum value of FFT
walkingFrequency=fVals(maxInd) % print max value
And plotting the FFT for both the old method and the new, from 0 to 10 Hz gives:
As you can see it detects a peak at about 1.686 Hz, and for this data, that's the highest peak in the FFT spectrum.