I'm working on Matlab, I want to perform FFT on a wav file I previously recorded on Matlab as well.
fs = 44100; % Hz
t = 0:1/fs:1; % seconds
f = 600; % Hz
y = sin(2.*pi.*f.*t);
audiowrite('600freq.wav',y,fs)
This is the way I'm recording in the wav file.
Now to the reading and FFT part:
[y,Fs] = audioread('600freq.wav');
sound(y)
plot(fft(y))
This is the plot of the FFT I get:
Maybe I'm missing something about the FFT, but I expected two vertical lollipops.
Another thing I noticed that's wrong, is when I play the sound after reading it form the file it's longer and the pitch is significantly lower.
My guess is a sampling rate problem, but I really have no idea of what to do about it.
Thanks for any help in advance.
That's because you're not plotting the magnitude. What you are plotting are the coefficients, but these are complex valued. Because of that, the horizontal axis is the real component and the vertical axis is the imaginary component. Also, when you use sound by itself, the default sampling frequency is 8 kHz (8192 Hz to be exact) which explains why your sound is of a lower pitch. You need to use the sampling frequency as a second argument into sound, and that's given to you by the second output of audioread.
So, try placing abs after the fft call and also use Fs into sound:
[y,Fs] = audioread('600freq.wav');
sound(y, Fs);
plot(abs(fft(y)))
Also, the above code doesn't plot the horizontal axis properly. If you want to do that, make sure you fftshift your spectra after you take the Fourier transform, then label your axis properly. If you want to determine what each horizontal value is in terms of frequency, this awesome post by Paul R does the trick: How do I obtain the frequencies of each value in an FFT?
Basically, each horizontal value in your FFT is such that:
F = i * Fs / N
i is the bin number, Fs is the sampling frequency and N is the number of points you're using for the FFT. F is the interpreted frequency of the component you're looking at.
By default, fft assumes that N is the total number of points in your array. For the one-sided FFT, i goes from 0, 1, 2, up to floor((N-1)/2) due to the Nyquist sampling theorem.
Because what you're actually doing in the code you tried to write is displaying both sides of the spectrum, that's why it's nice to centre the spectrum so that the DC frequency is located in the middle and the left side is the negative spectra and the right side is the positive spectra.
We can incorporate that into your code here:
[y,Fs] = audioread('600freq.wav');
sound(y, Fs);
F = fftshift(abs(fft(y)));
f = linspace(-Fs/2, Fs/2, numel(y)+1);
f(end) = [];
plot(f, F);
The horizontal axis now reflects the correct frequency of each component as well as the vertical axis reflecting the magnitude of each component.
By running your audio generation code which generates a sine tone at 600 Hz, and then the above code to plot the spectra, I get this:
Note that I inserted a tool tip right at the positive side of the spectra... and it's about 600 Hz!
Related
I'm trying to find the maximum frequency of a periodic signal in Matlab and as i know when you convert a periodic signal to the frequency spectrum you get only delta functions however i get a few curves between the produced delta functions. Here is the code :
t=[-0.02:10^-3:0.02];
s=5.*(1+cos(2*pi*10*t)).*cos(2*pi*100*t);
figure, subplot(211), plot(t,s);
y=fft(s);
subplot(212), plot(t,y);
Here is a code-snippet to help you understand how to get the frequency-spectrum using fft in matlab.
Things to remember are:
You need to decide on a sampling frequency, which should be high enough, as per the Nyquist Criterion (You need the number of samples, at least more than twice the highest frequency or else we will have aliasing). That means, fs in this example cannot be below 2 * 110. Better to have it even higher to see a have a better appearance of the signal.
For a real signal, what you want is the power-spectrum obtained as the square of the absolute of the output of the fft() function. The imaginary part, which contains the phase should contain nothing but noise. (I didn't plot the phase here, but you can do this to check for yourself.)
Finally, we need to use fftshift to shift the signal such that we get the mirrored spectrum around the zero-frequency.
The peaks would be at the correct frequencies. Now considering only the positive frequencies, as you can see, we have the largest peak at 100Hz and two further lobs around 100Hz +- 10Hz i.e. 90Hz and 110Hz.
Apparently, 110Hz is the highest frequency, in your example.
The code:
fs = 500; % sampling frequency - Should be high enough! Remember Nyquist!
t=[-.2:1/fs:.2];
s= 5.*(1+cos(2*pi*10*t)).*cos(2*pi*100*t);
figure, subplot(311), plot(t,s);
n = length(s);
y=fft(s);
f = (0:n-1)*(fs/n); % frequency range
power = abs(y).^2/n;
subplot(312), plot(f, power);
Y = fftshift(y);
fshift = (-n/2:n/2-1)*(fs/n); % zero-centered frequency range
powershift = abs(Y).^2/n;
subplot(313), plot(fshift, powershift);
The output plots:
The first plot is the signal in the time domain
The signal in the frequency domain
The shifted fft signal
I am writing a piece of code that figures out what frequencies(notes) are being played at any given time of a song (note currently I am testing it grabbing only the first second of the song). To do this I break the first second of the audio file into 8 different chunks. Then I perform an FFT on each chunk and plot it with the following code:
% Taking a second of an audio file and breaking it into n many chunks and
% figuring out what frequencies make up each of those chunks
clear all;
% Read Audio
fs = 44100; % sample frequency (Hz)
full = audioread('song.wav');
% Perform fft and get frequencies
chunks = 8; % How many chunks to break wave into
for i = 1:chunks
beginningChunk = (i-1)*fs/chunks+1
endChunk = i*fs/chunks
x = full(beginningChunk:endChunk);
y = fft(x);
n = length(x); % number of samples in chunk
amp = abs(y)/n; % amplitude of the DFT
%%%amp = amp(1:fs/2/chunks); % note this is my attempt that I think is wrong
f = (0:n-1)*(fs/n); % frequency range
%%%f = f(1:fs/2/chunks); % note this is my attempt that I think is wrong
figure(i);
plot(f,amp)
xlabel('Frequency')
ylabel('amplitude')
end
When I do that I get graphs that look like these:
It looks like I am plotting too many points because the frequencies go up in magnitude at the far right of graphs so I think I am using the double sided spectrum. I think I need to only use the samples from 1:fs/2, the problem is I don't have a big enough matrix to grab that many points. I tried going from 1:fs/2/chunks, but I am unconvinced those are the right values so I commented those out. How can I find the single sided spectrum when there are less than fs/2 samples?
As a side note when I plot all the graphs I notice the frequencies given are almost exactly the same. This is surprising to me because I thought I made the chunks small enough that only the frequency that's happening at the exact time should be grabbed -- and therefore I would be getting the current note being played. If anyone knows how I can single out what note is being played at each time better that information would be greatly appreciated.
For a single-sided FT simply take the first half of the output of the FFT algorithm. The other half (the nagative frequencies) is redundant given that your input is real-valued.
1/8 second is quite long. Note that relevant frequencies are around 160-1600 Hz, if I remeber correctly (music is not my specialty). Those will be in the left-most region of your FT. The highest frequency you compute (after dropping the right half of FFT) is half your sampling frequency, 44.1/2 kHz. The lowest frequency, and the distance between samples, is given by the length of your transform (44.1 kHz / number of samples).
I'm working on Matlab, I want to perform FFT on a wav file I previously recorded on Matlab as well.
fs = 44100; % Hz
t = 0:1/fs:1; % seconds
f = 600; % Hz
y = sin(2.*pi.*f.*t);
audiowrite('600freq.wav',y,fs)
This is the way I'm recording in the wav file.
Now to the reading and FFT part:
[y,Fs] = audioread('600freq.wav');
sound(y)
plot(fft(y))
This is the plot of the FFT I get:
Maybe I'm missing something about the FFT, but I expected two vertical lollipops.
Another thing I noticed that's wrong, is when I play the sound after reading it form the file it's longer and the pitch is significantly lower.
My guess is a sampling rate problem, but I really have no idea of what to do about it.
Thanks for any help in advance.
That's because you're not plotting the magnitude. What you are plotting are the coefficients, but these are complex valued. Because of that, the horizontal axis is the real component and the vertical axis is the imaginary component. Also, when you use sound by itself, the default sampling frequency is 8 kHz (8192 Hz to be exact) which explains why your sound is of a lower pitch. You need to use the sampling frequency as a second argument into sound, and that's given to you by the second output of audioread.
So, try placing abs after the fft call and also use Fs into sound:
[y,Fs] = audioread('600freq.wav');
sound(y, Fs);
plot(abs(fft(y)))
Also, the above code doesn't plot the horizontal axis properly. If you want to do that, make sure you fftshift your spectra after you take the Fourier transform, then label your axis properly. If you want to determine what each horizontal value is in terms of frequency, this awesome post by Paul R does the trick: How do I obtain the frequencies of each value in an FFT?
Basically, each horizontal value in your FFT is such that:
F = i * Fs / N
i is the bin number, Fs is the sampling frequency and N is the number of points you're using for the FFT. F is the interpreted frequency of the component you're looking at.
By default, fft assumes that N is the total number of points in your array. For the one-sided FFT, i goes from 0, 1, 2, up to floor((N-1)/2) due to the Nyquist sampling theorem.
Because what you're actually doing in the code you tried to write is displaying both sides of the spectrum, that's why it's nice to centre the spectrum so that the DC frequency is located in the middle and the left side is the negative spectra and the right side is the positive spectra.
We can incorporate that into your code here:
[y,Fs] = audioread('600freq.wav');
sound(y, Fs);
F = fftshift(abs(fft(y)));
f = linspace(-Fs/2, Fs/2, numel(y)+1);
f(end) = [];
plot(f, F);
The horizontal axis now reflects the correct frequency of each component as well as the vertical axis reflecting the magnitude of each component.
By running your audio generation code which generates a sine tone at 600 Hz, and then the above code to plot the spectra, I get this:
Note that I inserted a tool tip right at the positive side of the spectra... and it's about 600 Hz!
I'm having problems plotting the FFT of a wav file. I managed to plot the magnitude and phase spectrums of the signal, however I need to repeat this in range -fs/2:fs/2.
%read sound files
%'y' is the vector holding the original samples & 'fs' refers to the sampling frequency
[y,fs] = wavread('handel.wav');
ydft = fft(y); %fft to transform the original signal into frequency domain
n = length (y); %length of the original signal
% y has even length
ydft = ydft(1:length(y)/2+1);
% create a frequency vector
freq = 0:fs/length(y):fs/2;
shiftfreq = fftshift(freq);
%plot original signal in time domain;
figure;
plot ((1:n)/fs, y);
title('handel.wav in time domain');
xlabel ('second');
grid on;
% plot magnitude in frequency domain
figure;
plot(freq,abs(ydft));
title('handel.wav in frequency domain');
xlabel ('Hz');
ylabel('Magnitude');
grid on;
% plot phase in frequency domain
figure;
plot(freq,unwrap(angle(ydft)));
title ('handel.wav in frequency domain');
xlabel ('Hz');
ylabel ('Phase');
grid on;
What you are currently doing now is plotting the half spectrum, so from 0 <= f < fs/2 where fs is the sampling frequency of your signal, and so fs/2 is the Nyquist frequency. Take note that considering the half spectrum is only valid if the signal is real. This means that the negative spectra is symmetric to the positive spectra and so you don't really need to consider the negative spectra here.
However, you would like to plot the full spectrum of the magnitude and phase. Take note that when calculating the fft using MATLAB, it uses the Cooley-Tukey algorithm so when computing the N point FFT, half of result is for the frequencies from 0 Hz inclusive up to fs/2 Hz exclusive and the other half is for the frequencies from -fs/2 Hz inclusive up to 0 Hz exclusive.
As such, to plot the full spectrum, simply perform a fftshift on the full signal so that the right half and left half of the spectrum is swapped so that the 0 Hz frequency is located in the centre of the signal. Also, you must generate frequencies between -fs/2 to fs/2 to cover the full spectrum. Specifically, you need to generate N points linearly spaced between -fs/2 to fs/2. However, take note that the Nyquist frequency at fs/2 Hz is being excluded at the end, so you need to generate N+1 points between -fs/2 to fs/2 and remove the last point in order for the right step size between each frequency bin to be correct. The easiest way to generate this linear array of points is by using the linspace command where the start frequency is -fs/2, the ending frequency is fs/2 and you want N+1 points between this range and remove the last point:
freq = linspace(-fs/2, fs/2, n+1);
freq(end) = [];
As such, borrowing some parts of your code, this is what the modified code looks like to plot the full spectrum of the magnitude and phase:
%// Read in sound file
[y,fs] = wavread('handel.wav');
%// Take N-point FFT where N is the length of the signal
ydft = fft(y);
n = numel(y); %// Get N - length of signal
%// Create frequency vector - make sure you remove last point
freq = linspace(-fs/2, fs/2, n+1);
freq(end) = [];
%// Shift the spectrum
shiftSpectrum = fftshift(ydft);
%//plot original signal in time domain;
figure;
plot ((0:n-1)/fs, y); %// Note you should start from time = 0, not time = 1/fs
title('handel.wav in time domain');
xlabel ('second');
grid on;
%// plot magnitude in frequency domain
figure;
plot(freq,abs(shiftSpectrum));
title('handel.wav in frequency domain');
xlabel ('Hz');
ylabel('Magnitude');
grid on;
%// plot phase in frequency domain
figure;
plot(freq,unwrap(angle(shiftSpectrum)));
title('handel.wav in frequency domain');
xlabel('Hz');
ylabel('Phase');
grid on;
I don't have access to your handel.wav file, but I'll be using the one provided with MATLAB. You can load this in with load handel;. The sampling frequency is stored in a variable called Fs, so I had to do fs = Fs; before the code I wrote above could work. The sampling frequency for this particular file is 8192 Hz, and this is approximately a 9 second long file (numel(y) / fs = 8.9249 seconds). With that file, this is the magnitude and phase that I get:
For the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) as well as its fast implementations (FFTs), the frequencies are normalized with the sampling frequency fs, i.e., the original range -fs/2:fs/2 is changed to -pi:pi.
Besides, the DFT/FFT always starts with 0, and you can use fftshift() to shift the 0 frequency to the center. Therefore, after fftshift(), the range is -pi:pi, then, you can scale to -fs/2:fs/2.
look at the following Matlab function, it can calculate phase spectrum as well as amplitude spectrum with a perfect accuracy:
https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/63965-amplitude-and-phase-spectra-of-a-signal--fourier-transform-
This program calculates amplitude and phase spectra of an input signal with acceptable accuracy especially in the calculation of phase spectrum.The code does three main jobs for calculation amplitude and phase spectra. First of all, it extends the input signal to infinity; because for calculation Fourier transform(FT) (fft function in Matlab), we consider our signal is periodic with an infinite wavelength, the code creates a super_signal by putting original signal next to itself until the length of super_signal is around 1000000 samples, why did I choose 1000000 samples? Actually, it is just based on try and error!! For most signals that I have tried, a supper signal with 1000000 samples has the best output.
Second, for calculating fft in Matlab you can choose different resolutions, the Mathwork document and help use NFFT=2^nextpow2(length(signal)), it definitely isn't enough for one that wants high accuracy output. Here, I choose the resolution of NFFT=100000 that works for most signals.
Third, the code filters result of FT by thresholding, it is very important step! For calculating phase spectrum, its result is very noisy because of floating rounding off error, it causes during calculation "arctan" even small rounding off error produces significant noise in the result of phase spectrum, for suppressing this kind of noise you can define a threshold value. It means if amplitude of specific frequency is less than predefined threshold value (you must define it) it put zero instead of it.
These three steps help to improve the result of amplitude and phase spectra significantly.
IF YOU USE THIS PROGRAM IN YOUR RESEARCH, PLEASE CITE THE FOLLOWING PAPER:
Afshin Aghayan, Priyank Jaiswal, and Hamid Reza Siahkoohi (2016). "Seismic denoising using the redundant lifting scheme." GEOPHYSICS, 81(3), V249-V260. https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0601.1
I know that there are a lot of similar questions to this, I am still unable to figure out the answer.
Let's say we have time signal in MATLAB:
t=0:1/44100:1
and a cosine signal with frequency 500Hz:
x=cos(2*pi*500*t);
Now, I am trying to plot the magnitude spectrum obtained using the fft command on signal x
FFT=abs(fft(x))
plot(FFT)
According to the theory, we should get two peaks in the plot, one at -500 Hz and the other at 500Hz.
What I don't understand is that I do get two peaks but I can't figure out at what frequencies these peaks are. I know there is a way to figure out the frequency using the FFT index, length of the input signal and the sampling frequency but I still can't calculate the frequency.
I know that there are methods to align the FFT plots so that the peaks lie at the index number of the frequency they represent by using the fftshift function, but what I want is to figure out the frequency using the the plot resulting from simply calling this function:
FFT=fft(x)
In this case, I already know that signal contains a cosine of 500Hz, but what if the signal that we want to get the FFT of is not known before time. How can we get the frequency values of the peaks in that sample using the output from the fft function?
You need to generate the frequency array yourself and plot your FFT result against it.
Like this:
function [Ycomp, fHz] = getFFT(data, Fs)
len = length(data);
NFFT = 2^nextpow2(len);
Ydouble = fft(data, NFFT)/len; % Double-sided FFT
Ycomp = Ydouble(1:NFFT/2+1); % Single-sided FFT, complex
fHz = Fs/2*linspace(0,1,NFFT/2+1); % Frequency array in Hertz.
semilogx(fHz, abs(Ycomp))
end
You will see peaks at 500 Hz and Fs - 500 Hz (i.e. 44100 - 500 = 43600 Hz in your particular case).
This is because the real-to-complex FFT output is complex conjugate symmetric - the top half of the spectrum is a "mirror image" of the bottom half when you are just looking at the magnitude and is therefore redundant.
Note that of plotting power spectra you can usually save yourself a lot of work by using MATLAB's periodogram function rather than dealing directly with all the details of FFT, window functions, plotting, etc.