I am learning to write device drivers. I came across a scenario where there are multiple programs which want to write to the same driver. Instead of showing them a busy error, I would like to place them in a queue and when one program has finished writing to it, the next in the queue gets to write and so on (i.e., handle multiple users).
So can wait_event_interruptible() and wake_up_interruptible() be used? Because most of the examples I have seen use to it block read.
Related
I am working on radio application where i need to convert speech to text. For that i am using third party api's. For geting better results i want to run two api's at the same time and compare the output. this should happen when user clicks on record button.
I know we can do this using GCD but not getting exact idea of how we can achieve this.
Need suggestion.
Thank you.
Th short answer is that you create two GCD queues, one for each Speech-to-Text task. Within each block, you call the two different APIs with the same input data. Then you either wait for the result, or get the block to invoke a callback status method when completed.
Note that you will need to ensure that the speech engines can safely run on background threads.
This is fairly straightforward if you want to record the audio first, then submit the data to two different engines for processing. But it sounds like you might want to start processing the audio as soon as the user clicks Record? In that case, it very much depends on the APIs as to how you feed them data in real time. You might want to just run them on separate threads explicitly and feed them data as it comes in.
I'm new to iOS development (and Obj-C), and I'm trying to port an existing C program to iOS.
The C program usually runs in the console, but I want to make a UI for it on the iPhone. I've already ported the C code, and when the simulator is run I can get the printf output in the console window. I want to avoid changing the original code as much as possible, so this is my plan:
The program takes some time to execute, so I think I need to run it on a seperate thread. It look likes I'll only need an NSInvocationOperation to call it's main method.
I will redirect stdout to a pipe.
On another thread, I will read from the pipe, and throw this to the UI. I'm not sure what might be the best concurrancy API to use for this.
Is this a good strategy for the iOS, or is there a better alternative for porting this? Are there any pitfalls I should look out for?
For concurrency, use the dispatch queues for quickest programming. See this guide: http://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#documentation/General/Conceptual/ConcurrencyProgrammingGuide/Introduction/Introduction.html
To print to the screen, you could do this in many different ways, but just use a UILabel if you just want get text up there right away. You can also format it nicely later.
Main pitfalls for multithreading are like on any OS - locking any data models that have simultaneous read/write. You can use #synchronize or make your dispatch queues thread safe by using dispatch barriers also noted in the linked guide above.
Is there a way to implement non-blocking / asynchronous execution (without fork()'ing) in Perl?
I used to be a Python developer for many years... Python has really great 'Twisted' framework that allows to do so (using DEFERREDs. When I ran search to see if there is anything in Perl to do the same, I came across POE framework - which seemed "close" enough to what I was searching for. But... after spending some time reading the documentation and "playing" with the code, I came against "the wall" - which is following limitation (from POE::Session documentation):
Callbacks are not preemptive. As long as one is running, no others will be dispatched. This is known as cooperative multitasking. Each session must cooperate by returning to the central dispatching kernel.
This limitation essentially defeats the purpose of asynchronous/parallel/non-blocking execution - by restricting to only one callback (block of code) executing at any given moment. No other callback can start running while another is already running!
So... is there any way in Perl to implement multi-tasking (parallel, non-blocking, asynchronous execution of code) without fork()'ing - similar to DEFERREDs in Python?
Coro is a mix between POE and threads. From reading its CPAN documentation, I think that IO::Async does real asynchronous execution. threads can be used too - at least Padre IDE successfully uses them.
I'm not very familiar with Twisted or POE, but basic parallel execution is pretty simple with threads. Interpreters are generally not compiled with threading support, so you would need to check for that. The forks package is a drop-in replacement for threading (implements the full API) but using processes seamlessly. Then you can do stuff like this:
my $thread = async {
print "you can pass a block of code as an arg unlike Python :p";
return some_func();
};
my $result = $thread->join();
I've definitely implemented callbacks from an event loop in an async process using forks and I don't see why it wouldn't work with threads.
Twisted also uses cooperative multi-tasking just like POE & Coro.
However it looks like Twisted Deferred does (or can) make use of threads. NB. See this answer from the SO question Twisted: Making code non-blocking
So you would need to go the same route with POE (though using fork is probably preferable).
So one POE solution would be to use: POE::Wheel::Run - portably run blocking code and programs in subprocesses.
For alternatives to POE take a look at AnyEvent and Reflex.
I believe you use select for that kind of thing. More similarly to forking, there's threading.
POE is fine if you want asynchronous processing but using only a single cpu (core) is fine.
For example if the app is I/O limited a single process will be enough most of the time.
No other callback can start running while another is already running!
As far as I can tell - this is the same with all languages (per CPU thread of course; modern web servers usually spawn a least one process or thread per CPU core, so it will look (to users) like stuff it working in parallel, but the long-running callback didn't get interrupted, some other core just did that work).
You can't interrupt an interrupt, unless the interrupted interrupt has been programmed specifically to accommodate it.
Imagine code that takes 1min to run, and a PC with 16 cores - now imagine a million people try to load that page, you can deliver working results to 16 people, and "time out" all the rest, or, you can crash your web server and give no results to anyone. Folks choose not to crash their web server, which is why they never permit callbacks to interrupt other callbacks (not that they could even if they tried - the caller never gets control back to make a new call before the prior one has ended anyhow...)
I am using the wonderful AnyEvent for creating an asynchronous TCP server (specifically, a MUD server).
In order to keep everything running smoothly and with as few blocking/synchronous pieces of code possible, I have replaced some modules I was using with their asynchronous counterpart, for example AnyEvent::Memcached and AnyEvent::Gearman. This allows the main program to be quite speedy, which is desirable. I have coded around the need for some of these calls to be synchronous.
One problem I currently have, and the focus of this question, is logging.
Before turning to AnyEvent for this server program, I was using Log::Log4perl as it allows me to fine-tune which modules or subroutines should be logged, at which level and to which log output (screen, file, etc).
The problem here is that the Log4perl actions (warn, info, etc) are currently performed synchronously but I have no requirement for that as long as the log lines eventually end up on the screen / file (and in the correct order).
Is Log::Log4perl still the right choice when using an asynchronous event handler such as AnyEvent, or should I look at a different module? If so, which is recommended?
AnyEvent::Log, which comes with AnyEvent, uses AnyEvent::IO, which appends to files asynchronously when IO::AIO is available (and synchronously when not).
What you are trying to avoid? If it's synchronous file IO (writing to log files/stdout etc.) then your problem would probably be solved with an asynchronous and/or buffering appender(s) rather than replacing all use of Log4perl in your code.
Log::Log4perl::Appender::Buffer seems like it might be a good start, but a completely async appender doesn't appear to exist anymore.
In iPhone development, I have come across these terms named
event loop, run loop
. Can some one explain explain what they are?
Like many other GUI systems, the code you write for an iPhone application runs into a loop that is provided by the system.
When writing a program without a GUI it is customary to have a main() function or similar. On iPhone you don't have that because it's provided by the system, and it will call the event loop. All you provide is callbacks to react to events.
The loop takes care of getting hardware events as touches and such, calling your code and API code to draw the windows, some memory management and all. This is why you never have to poll for these events yourself.
I think this apple documentation will explains a little more:
An event loop is simply a run loop: an event-processing loop for scheduling work and coordinating the receipt of events from various input sources attached to the run loop. Every thread has access to a run loop. In all but the main thread, the run loop must be configured and run manually by your code. In Cocoa applications, the run loop for the main thread—the main event loop—is run automatically by the application object. What distinguishes the main event loop is that its primary input source receives events from the operating system that are generated by user actions—for example, tapping a view or entering text using a keyboard.
https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/General/Conceptual/Devpedia-CocoaApp/MainEventLoop.html