I have several entities that contain datetime fields for EffectiveAsOf and ExpiredAsOf. When an entity is modified I want to override the SaveChanges method and rather than just update the existing entity have the code save the original record back to the database with an ExpiredAsOf datetime set to the current time, and a new record inserted with the new data and EffectiveAsOf set to the current time with ExpiredAsOf set to null.
I know that the ObjectStateEntry items in the objectStateEntryList contain CurrentValues and Original values objects, as well as an Entity object. What does EF use to write data to the DB the CurrentValues data or the Entity? How do I go about creating a new entry? Or, am I going about this the wrong way entirely?
I know that I can handle this in the entities outside of EF, but would rather have EF detect and handle these entities automatically.
Thanks in advance for your help and insight,
Jim
EF by default will use both - it uses original values to check for a concurrency issue (i.e. if the record has changed since you loaded the data from the DB) then uses the entity's current/modified values to update the DB record.
It is not possible to have EF "detect and handle these entities automatically". You will need to create a new instance of the entity object, copy the values from the existing entity object, set the appropriate effective and expired dates on both objects, add the new entity object to the DbContext, then save changes. The best place to do this is by overriding the SaveChanges() method of your DbContext. To keep it as clean and manageable as possible, I suggest using the repository pattern.
I have two objects. Arrangement and InvolvedParty. There is an association between Arrangement and InvolvedParty.
When I create my first Arrangement and attach the InvolvedParty to it there is no problem during the persist.
When I create my second Arrangement and fetch the previously stored InvolvedParty from the database to attach it to the second Arrangement the persist will not work.
This is the error:
[20/09/12 9:53:40:998 CEST] 00000020 RegisteredSyn E WTRN0074E: Exception caught from before_completion synchronization operation: org.apache.openjpa.persistence.EntityExistsException: Attempt to persist detached object "com.xxx.crs.model.involvedparty.InvolvedParty-com.xxx.crs.model.involvedparty.InvolvedParty-101". If this is a new instance, make sure any versino and/or auto-generated primary key fields are null/default when persisting.
FailedObject: com.xxx.crs.model.involvedparty.InvolvedParty-com.xxx.crs.model.involvedparty.InvolvedParty-101
Now what do I have to do? Arrangement is a new object, so considering that I should persist it. But an item of Arrangement is InvolvedParty, which is a detached object so I should do a merge? It feels like a contradiction though.
Make sure that you fetch the existing InvolvedParty from the database in the same transaction that you use to persist the Arrangement. If you do these operations in two separate operations, the persistence context ends when the first transaction completes and OpenJPA will treat the InvolvedParty as a detached object.
For more information, see Persistence Context from the OpenJPA manual.
I am attempting to update an existing record using JPA. The following link seems to suggest that the only way to update a record would be to write the update query for it
enter link description here
Which is fine. But again, I am wondering why am I pulling this out of stored proc to use all f the magic of open JPA?
I thought that If I had an instance of a JPA object that if I tried to persist to the database using a call similar to this
emf.persist(launchRet)
the JPA framework would check to see if the record allready exists, if so, it would then proceed to make the changes to that record, if not, it would just add a new record. Which would be really cool. Instead, I am going to have to end up writing all that logic myself in an update query. Which is fine, But why can't I just use a stored proc and just pass it all the necessary values?
UPDATE: CODE EXPLAINING WHAT MY LAST COMMENT IS ALL ABOUT
try{
launchRet = emf.find(QuickLaunch.class, launch.getQuickLaunchId());
if(launchRet==null){
emf.getTransaction().begin();
emf.persist(launchRet);
emf.getTransaction().commit();
}
else{
emf.refresh(launchRet);
}
}
The variable launch is passed into the method...
public QuickLaunch UpdateQuickLaunchComponent(QuickLaunch launch)
Would I simple just set the found launch launchRet equal to the launch that was passed in?
Read the link that you posted:
You can modify an entity instance in one the following ways:
Using an Updating Query
Using the Entity's Public API
[...]
The way used in 99% of the cases is the second way:
Foo someExistingFoo = em.find(Foo.class, someExistingFooId);
someExistingFoo.setSomeValue(theNewValue);
// no need to call any persist method: the EM will flush the new state
// of the entity to the database when needed
Of course, the entity can also be loaded via a query, or by navigating through the graph of entities.
If you have a detached entity, and you want to persist its state to the database, use the EntityManager.merge() method. It finds the entity with the same ID as the detached one passed as argument, copies the state from the detached entity to the attached one, and returns the attached one:
Foo attachedModifiedFoo = em.merge(detachedFoo);
If the detached entity isn't persistent (i.e. doesn't have any ID), then it is created and made persistent.
Perhaps I'm over-simplifying this by only giving you a small snippet of code (and I'll post more if that is the case) but I figure, initially, less is better:
I have an entity of type Asset which has a field of type Location, which is also an entity. When I set the Location of an Asset I must also set the Location of its children.
Location location = asset.getLocation();
em.merge(location);
em.flush();
childAsset.setLocation(asset.getLocation());
em.flush();
When I run flush(), I get the following exception:
Internal Exception: java.sql.SQLIntegrityConstraintViolationException: ORA-00001: unique constraint (SWRADMIN.LOCATION_PK) violated
My question is...why is this Location object even trying to be persisted? All I'm doing is setting a variable in an entity.
This was working fine before, but we just switched to using Eclipselink and Java EE 6 and this problem popped up.
Solution?: I used the idea of "detaching" from below and made the following change:
Location location = asset.getLocation();
em.detach(childAsset);
childAsset.setLocation(asset.getLocation());
em.merge();
em.flush();
and it worked! I'm confused as to why, though...you would think the auto-syncing would do the same thing.
If the object is in managed state, then entity manager will synchronize it with the underlying database by persisting the object implicitly (probably at the end of the transaction) or explicitly when you call em.flush() method.
You can use em.detach(entity) to detach a single entity or em.clear() to detach all the entities. Then the changes being made on an entity/entities will not get reflected in the database.
To better handle this, you can use BMT (Bean Managed Transaction), where you have to handle the entity persistence, transaction manually.
Edit :
Location location = asset.getLocation();
childAsset.setLocation(location);
em.merge(childAsset);
em.flush();
So, the location is an existing location, or a new object?
How was it read, was it read from another transaction or entity manager or detached in some way? If so, then you need to re-read (find) or merge it.
If it is new and related to a managed object, then yes, flush must write it.
From the code, it looks like you are using the unmanaged version of location and associating that to the ChildAsset. If your childAsset->Location relation is marked cascade persist, then the spec requires perist will be called on Location on flush or commit. Since Location is not a managed object, it requires an exception on persist.
When Location is managed (such as when you call merge on ChildAsset or if you had used the managed instance of Location returned from the
em.merge(location); call), the persist operation on ChildAsset->Location is a no-op.
Do not associate unmanaged entities to relationships marked cascade persist.
EntityManager.merge() can insert new objects and update existing ones.
Why would one want to use persist() (which can only create new objects)?
Either way will add an entity to a PersistenceContext, the difference is in what you do with the entity afterwards.
Persist takes an entity instance, adds it to the context and makes that instance managed (i.e. future updates to the entity will be tracked).
Merge returns the managed instance that the state was merged with. It does return something that exists in PersistenceContext or creates a new instance of your entity. In any case, it will copy the state from the supplied entity, and return a managed copy. The instance you pass in will not be managed (any changes you make will not be part of the transaction - unless you call merge again). Though you can use the returned instance (managed one).
Maybe a code example will help.
MyEntity e = new MyEntity();
// scenario 1
// tran starts
em.persist(e);
e.setSomeField(someValue);
// tran ends, and the row for someField is updated in the database
// scenario 2
// tran starts
e = new MyEntity();
em.merge(e);
e.setSomeField(anotherValue);
// tran ends but the row for someField is not updated in the database
// (you made the changes *after* merging)
// scenario 3
// tran starts
e = new MyEntity();
MyEntity e2 = em.merge(e);
e2.setSomeField(anotherValue);
// tran ends and the row for someField is updated
// (the changes were made to e2, not e)
Scenario 1 and 3 are roughly equivalent, but there are some situations where you'd want to use Scenario 2.
Persist and merge are for two different purposes (they aren't alternatives at all).
(edited to expand differences information)
persist:
Insert a new register to the database
Attach the object to the entity manager.
merge:
Find an attached object with the same id and update it.
If exists update and return the already attached object.
If doesn't exist insert the new register to the database.
persist() efficiency:
It could be more efficient for inserting a new register to a database than merge().
It doesn't duplicates the original object.
persist() semantics:
It makes sure that you are inserting and not updating by mistake.
Example:
{
AnyEntity newEntity;
AnyEntity nonAttachedEntity;
AnyEntity attachedEntity;
// Create a new entity and persist it
newEntity = new AnyEntity();
em.persist(newEntity);
// Save 1 to the database at next flush
newEntity.setValue(1);
// Create a new entity with the same Id than the persisted one.
AnyEntity nonAttachedEntity = new AnyEntity();
nonAttachedEntity.setId(newEntity.getId());
// Save 2 to the database at next flush instead of 1!!!
nonAttachedEntity.setValue(2);
attachedEntity = em.merge(nonAttachedEntity);
// This condition returns true
// merge has found the already attached object (newEntity) and returns it.
if(attachedEntity==newEntity) {
System.out.print("They are the same object!");
}
// Set 3 to value
attachedEntity.setValue(3);
// Really, now both are the same object. Prints 3
System.out.println(newEntity.getValue());
// Modify the un attached object has no effect to the entity manager
// nor to the other objects
nonAttachedEntity.setValue(42);
}
This way only exists 1 attached object for any register in the entity manager.
merge() for an entity with an id is something like:
AnyEntity myMerge(AnyEntity entityToSave) {
AnyEntity attached = em.find(AnyEntity.class, entityToSave.getId());
if(attached==null) {
attached = new AnyEntity();
em.persist(attached);
}
BeanUtils.copyProperties(attached, entityToSave);
return attached;
}
Although if connected to MySQL merge() could be as efficient as persist() using a call to INSERT with ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE option, JPA is a very high level programming and you can't assume this is going to be the case everywhere.
If you're using the assigned generator, using merge instead of persist can cause a redundant SQL statement, therefore affecting performance.
Also, calling merge for managed entities is also a mistake since managed entities are automatically managed by Hibernate, and their state is synchronized with the database record by the dirty checking mechanism upon flushing the Persistence Context.
To understand how all this works, you should first know that Hibernate shifts the developer mindset from SQL statements to entity state transitions.
Once an entity is actively managed by Hibernate, all changes are going to be automatically propagated to the database.
Hibernate monitors currently attached entities. But for an entity to become managed, it must be in the right entity state.
To understand the JPA state transitions better, you can visualize the following diagram:
Or if you use the Hibernate specific API:
As illustrated by the above diagrams, an entity can be in one of the following four states:
New (Transient)
A newly created object that hasn’t ever been associated with a Hibernate Session (a.k.a Persistence Context) and is not mapped to any database table row is considered to be in the New (Transient) state.
To become persisted we need to either explicitly call the EntityManager#persist method or make use of the transitive persistence mechanism.
Persistent (Managed)
A persistent entity has been associated with a database table row and it’s being managed by the currently running Persistence Context. Any change made to such an entity is going to be detected and propagated to the database (during the Session flush-time).
With Hibernate, we no longer have to execute INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statements. Hibernate employs a transactional write-behind working style and changes are synchronized at the very last responsible moment, during the current Session flush-time.
Detached
Once the currently running Persistence Context is closed all the previously managed entities become detached. Successive changes will no longer be tracked and no automatic database synchronization is going to happen.
To associate a detached entity to an active Hibernate Session, you can choose one of the following options:
Reattaching
Hibernate (but not JPA 2.1) supports reattaching through the Session#update method.
A Hibernate Session can only associate one Entity object for a given database row. This is because the Persistence Context acts as an in-memory cache (first level cache) and only one value (entity) is associated with a given key (entity type and database identifier).
An entity can be reattached only if there is no other JVM object (matching the same database row) already associated with the current Hibernate Session.
Merging
The merge is going to copy the detached entity state (source) to a managed entity instance (destination). If the merging entity has no equivalent in the current Session, one will be fetched from the database.
The detached object instance will continue to remain detached even after the merge operation.
Remove
Although JPA demands that managed entities only are allowed to be removed, Hibernate can also delete detached entities (but only through a Session#delete method call).
A removed entity is only scheduled for deletion and the actual database DELETE statement will be executed during Session flush-time.
I noticed that when I used em.merge, I got a SELECT statement for every INSERT, even when there was no field that JPA was generating for me--the primary key field was a UUID that I set myself. I switched to em.persist(myEntityObject) and got just INSERT statements then.
The JPA specification says the following about persist().
If X is a detached object, the EntityExistsException may be thrown when the persist
operation is invoked, or the EntityExistsException or another PersistenceException may be thrown at flush or commit time.
So using persist() would be suitable when the object ought not to be a detached object. You might prefer to have the code throw the PersistenceException so it fails fast.
Although the specification is unclear, persist() might set the #GeneratedValue #Id for an object. merge() however must have an object with the #Id already generated.
Some more details about merge which will help you to use merge over persist:
Returning a managed instance other than the original entity is a critical part of the merge
process. If an entity instance with the same identifier already exists in the persistence context, the
provider will overwrite its state with the state of the entity that is being merged, but the managed
version that existed already must be returned to the client so that it can be used. If the provider did not
update the Employee instance in the persistence context, any references to that instance will become
inconsistent with the new state being merged in.
When merge() is invoked on a new entity, it behaves similarly to the persist() operation. It adds
the entity to the persistence context, but instead of adding the original entity instance, it creates a new
copy and manages that instance instead. The copy that is created by the merge() operation is persisted
as if the persist() method were invoked on it.
In the presence of relationships, the merge() operation will attempt to update the managed entity
to point to managed versions of the entities referenced by the detached entity. If the entity has a
relationship to an object that has no persistent identity, the outcome of the merge operation is
undefined. Some providers might allow the managed copy to point to the non-persistent object,
whereas others might throw an exception immediately. The merge() operation can be optionally
cascaded in these cases to prevent an exception from occurring. We will cover cascading of the merge()
operation later in this section. If an entity being merged points to a removed entity, an
IllegalArgumentException exception will be thrown.
Lazy-loading relationships are a special case in the merge operation. If a lazy-loading
relationship was not triggered on an entity before it became detached, that relationship will be
ignored when the entity is merged. If the relationship was triggered while managed and then set to null while the entity was detached, the managed version of the entity will likewise have the relationship cleared during the merge."
All of the above information was taken from "Pro JPA 2 Mastering the Java™ Persistence API" by Mike Keith and Merrick Schnicariol. Chapter 6. Section detachment and merging. This book is actually a second book devoted to JPA by authors. This new book has many new information then former one. I really recommed to read this book for ones who will be seriously involved with JPA. I am sorry for anonimously posting my first answer.
There are some more differences between merge and persist (I will enumerate again those already posted here):
D1. merge does not make the passed entity managed, but rather returns another instance that is managed. persist on the other side will make the passed entity managed:
//MERGE: passedEntity remains unmanaged, but newEntity will be managed
Entity newEntity = em.merge(passedEntity);
//PERSIST: passedEntity will be managed after this
em.persist(passedEntity);
D2. If you remove an entity and then decide to persist the entity back, you may do that only with persist(), because merge will throw an IllegalArgumentException.
D3. If you decided to take care manually of your IDs (e.g by using UUIDs), then a merge
operation will trigger subsequent SELECT queries in order to look for existent entities with that ID, while persist may not need those queries.
D4. There are cases when you simply do not trust the code that calls your code, and in order to make sure that no data is updated, but rather is inserted, you must use persist.
JPA is indisputably a great simplification in the domain of enterprise
applications built on the Java platform. As a developer who had to
cope up with the intricacies of the old entity beans in J2EE I see the
inclusion of JPA among the Java EE specifications as a big leap
forward. However, while delving deeper into the JPA details I find
things that are not so easy. In this article I deal with comparison of
the EntityManager’s merge and persist methods whose overlapping
behavior may cause confusion not only to a newbie. Furthermore I
propose a generalization that sees both methods as special cases of a
more general method combine.
Persisting entities
In contrast to the merge method the persist method is pretty straightforward and intuitive. The most common scenario of the persist method's usage can be summed up as follows:
"A newly created instance of the entity class is passed to the persist method. After this method returns, the entity is managed and planned for insertion into the database. It may happen at or before the transaction commits or when the flush method is called. If the entity references another entity through a relationship marked with the PERSIST cascade strategy this procedure is applied to it also."
The specification goes more into details, however, remembering them is not crucial as these details cover more or less exotic situations only.
Merging entities
In comparison to persist, the description of the merge's behavior is not so simple. There is no main scenario, as it is in the case of persist, and a programmer must remember all scenarios in order to write a correct code. It seems to me that the JPA designers wanted to have some method whose primary concern would be handling detached entities (as the opposite to the persist method that deals with newly created entities primarily.) The merge method's major task is to transfer the state from an unmanaged entity (passed as the argument) to its managed counterpart within the persistence context. This task, however, divides further into several scenarios which worsen the intelligibility of the overall method's behavior.
Instead of repeating paragraphs from the JPA specification I have prepared a flow diagram that schematically depicts the behaviour of the merge method:
So, when should I use persist and when merge?
persist
You want the method always creates a new entity and never updates an entity. Otherwise, the method throws an exception as a consequence of primary key uniqueness violation.
Batch processes, handling entities in a stateful manner (see Gateway pattern).
Performance optimization
merge
You want the method either inserts or updates an entity in the database.
You want to handle entities in a stateless manner (data transfer objects in services)
You want to insert a new entity that may have a reference to another entity that may but may not be created yet (relationship must be marked MERGE). For example, inserting a new photo with a reference to either a new or a preexisting album.
I was getting lazyLoading exceptions on my entity because I was trying to access a lazy loaded collection that was in session.
What I would do was in a separate request, retrieve the entity from session and then try to access a collection in my jsp page which was problematic.
To alleviate this, I updated the same entity in my controller and passed it to my jsp, although I imagine when I re-saved in session that it will also be accessible though SessionScope and not throw a LazyLoadingException, a modification of example 2:
The following has worked for me:
// scenario 2 MY WAY
// tran starts
e = new MyEntity();
e = em.merge(e); // re-assign to the same entity "e"
//access e from jsp and it will work dandy!!
I found this explanation from the Hibernate docs enlightening, because they contain a use case:
The usage and semantics of merge() seems to be confusing for new users. Firstly, as long as you are not trying to use object state loaded in one entity manager in another new entity manager, you should not need to use merge() at all. Some whole applications will never use this method.
Usually merge() is used in the following scenario:
The application loads an object in the first entity manager
the object is passed up to the presentation layer
some modifications are made to the object
the object is passed back down to the business logic layer
the application persists these modifications by calling merge() in a second entity manager
Here is the exact semantic of merge():
if there is a managed instance with the same identifier currently associated with the persistence context, copy the state of the given object onto the managed instance
if there is no managed instance currently associated with the persistence context, try to load it from the database, or create a new managed instance
the managed instance is returned
the given instance does not become associated with the persistence context, it remains detached and is usually discarded
From: http://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/entitymanager/3.6/reference/en/html/objectstate.html
Going through the answers there are some details missing regarding `Cascade' and id generation. See question
Also, it is worth mentioning that you can have separate Cascade annotations for merging and persisting: Cascade.MERGE and Cascade.PERSIST which will be treated according to the used method.
The spec is your friend ;)
Scenario X:
Table:Spitter (One) ,Table: Spittles (Many) (Spittles is Owner of the relationship with a FK:spitter_id)
This scenario results in saving : The Spitter and both Spittles as if owned by Same Spitter.
Spitter spitter=new Spitter();
Spittle spittle3=new Spittle();
spitter.setUsername("George");
spitter.setPassword("test1234");
spittle3.setSpittle("I love java 2");
spittle3.setSpitter(spitter);
dao.addSpittle(spittle3); // <--persist
Spittle spittle=new Spittle();
spittle.setSpittle("I love java");
spittle.setSpitter(spitter);
dao.saveSpittle(spittle); //<-- merge!!
Scenario Y:
This will save the Spitter, will save the 2 Spittles But they will not reference the same Spitter!
Spitter spitter=new Spitter();
Spittle spittle3=new Spittle();
spitter.setUsername("George");
spitter.setPassword("test1234");
spittle3.setSpittle("I love java 2");
spittle3.setSpitter(spitter);
dao.save(spittle3); // <--merge!!
Spittle spittle=new Spittle();
spittle.setSpittle("I love java");
spittle.setSpitter(spitter);
dao.saveSpittle(spittle); //<-- merge!!
Another observation:
merge() will only care about an auto-generated id(tested on IDENTITY and SEQUENCE) when a record with such an id already exists in your table. In that case merge() will try to update the record.
If, however, an id is absent or is not matching any existing records, merge() will completely ignore it and ask a db to allocate a new one. This is sometimes a source of a lot of bugs. Do not use merge() to force an id for a new record.
persist() on the other hand will never let you even pass an id to it. It will fail immediately. In my case, it's:
Caused by: org.hibernate.PersistentObjectException: detached entity
passed to persist
hibernate-jpa javadoc has a hint:
Throws: javax.persistence.EntityExistsException - if the entity
already exists. (If the entity already exists, the
EntityExistsException may be thrown when the persist operation is
invoked, or the EntityExistsException or another PersistenceException
may be thrown at flush or commit time.)
You may have come here for advice on when to use persist and when to use merge. I think that it depends the situation: how likely is it that you need to create a new record and how hard is it to retrieve persisted data.
Let's presume you can use a natural key/identifier.
Data needs to be persisted, but once in a while a record exists and an update is called for. In this case you could try a persist and if it throws an EntityExistsException, you look it up and combine the data:
try { entityManager.persist(entity) }
catch(EntityExistsException exception) { /* retrieve and merge */ }
Persisted data needs to be updated, but once in a while there is no record for the data yet. In this case you look it up, and do a persist if the entity is missing:
entity = entityManager.find(key);
if (entity == null) { entityManager.persist(entity); }
else { /* merge */ }
If you don't have natural key/identifier, you'll have a harder time to figure out whether the entity exist or not, or how to look it up.
The merges can be dealt with in two ways, too:
If the changes are usually small, apply them to the managed entity.
If changes are common, copy the ID from the persisted entity, as well as unaltered data. Then call EntityManager::merge() to replace the old content.
persist(entity) should be used with totally new entities, to add them to DB (if entity already exists in DB there will be EntityExistsException throw).
merge(entity) should be used, to put entity back to persistence context if the entity was detached and was changed.
Probably persist is generating INSERT sql statement and merge UPDATE sql statement (but i'm not sure).
Merge won't update a passed entity, unless this entity is managed. Even if entity ID is set to an existing DB record, a new record will be created in a database.