I was looking for some sort of solution if the following setup can be interpreted as formal declaration of the variables , if possible.
What i have is :
my $str_1 = "{cow}" ;
my $str_2 = "{cow}{black}{tasty_milk}";
what i want is :
(Based on above variable string is it possible to initialize a hash directly,
something like :)
my %hash=();
$hash."*some operator* on $str_i" = 'Initialized' ;
This "some operator" should make $hash to recognize as hash as it was declared earlier. i.e Input specific hash initialization.
PS: I don't want to write a function that will work on the string and get all information to initialize the hash.
Say you had the following input instead:
my #path = qw( cow black tasty_milk );
Then you can use the following:
use Data::Diver qw( DiveVal );
DiveVal(\%hash, map \$_, #path) = 'value';
So, with Data::Diver, we get:
use Data::Diver qw( DiveVal );
$str =~ /^(?:\{\w+\})+\z/
or die("Unrecognized format");
my #path = $str =~ /(\w+)/g;
DiveVal(\%hash, map \$_, #path) = 'value';
Without a module:
sub dive_val :lvalue { my $p = \shift; $p = \( $$p->{$_} ) for #_; $$p }
$str =~ /^(?:\{\w+\})+\z/
or die("Unrecognized format");
my #path = $str =~ /(\w+)/g;
dive_val(\%hash, #path) = 'value';
Try the following with anonymous hash
use Data::Dumper;
use warnings;
use strict;
my $str_2 = "{cow}{black}{tasty_milk}";
my %hash;
my $ref =\%hash;
my $val;
my $lp = () = $str_2=~m/\}/g; #count the number of }
my $i = 1;
while($str_2=~m/\{(\w+)\}/g)
{
$val = $1;
last if ($lp == $i);
$ref->{$val} = {}; #make the anonymous hash
$ref = $ref->{$val}; #add the data into anonymous hash
$i++;
}
$ref->{$val} = "value"; #add the last value
print Dumper \%hash;
Related
Given a string of Key:Value pairs, I want to create a lookup hash but with lowercase values for the keys. I can do so with this code
my $a="KEY1|Value1|kEy2|Value2|KeY3|Value3";
my #a = split '\|', $a;
my %b = map { $a[$_] = ( !($_ % 2) ? lc($a[$_]) : $a[$_]) } 0 .. $#a ;
The resulting Hash would look like this Dumper output:
$VAR1 = {
'key3' => 'Value3',
'key2' => 'Value2',
'key1' => 'Value1'
};
Would it be possible to directly create hash %b without using temporary array #a or is there a more efficient way to achieve the same result?
Edit: I forgot to mention that I cannot use external modules for this. It needs to be basic Perl.
You can use pairmap from List::Util to do this without an intermediate array at all.
use strict;
use warnings;
use List::Util 1.29 'pairmap';
my $str="KEY1|Value1|kEy2|Value2|KeY3|Value3";
my %hash = pairmap { lc($a) => $b } split /\|/, $str;
Note: you should never use $a or $b outside of sort (or List::Util pair function) blocks. They are special global variables for sort, and just declaring my $a in a scope can break all sorts (and List::Util pair functions) in that scope. An easy solution is to immediately replace them with $x and $y whenever you find yourself starting to use them as example variables.
Since the key-value pair has to be around the | you can use a regex
my $v = "KEY1|Value1|kEy2|Value2|KeY3|Value3";
my %h = split /\|/, $v =~ s/([^|]+) \| ([^|]+)/lc($1).q(|).$2/xger;
use strict;
use warnings;
use Data::Dumper;
my $i;
my %hash = map { $i++ % 2 ? $_ : lc } split(/\|/, 'KEY1|Value1|kEy2|Value2|KeY3|Value3');
print Dumper(\%hash);
Output:
$VAR1 = {
'key1' => 'Value1',
'key2' => 'Value2',
'key3' => 'Value3'
};
For fun, here are two additional approaches.
A cheaper one than the original (since the elements are aliased rather than copied into #_):
my %hash = sub { map { $_ % 2 ? $_[$_] : lc($_[$_]) } 0..$#_ }->( ... );
A more expensive one than the original:
my %hash = ...;
#hash{ map lc, keys(%hash) } = delete( #hash{ keys(%hash) } );
More possible solutions using regexes to do all the work, but not very pretty unless you really like regex:
use strict;
use warnings;
my $str="KEY1|Value1|kEy2|Value2|KeY3|Value3";
my %hash;
my $copy = $str;
$hash{lc $1} = $2 while $copy =~ s/^([^|]*)\|([^|]*)\|?//;
use strict;
use warnings;
my $str="KEY1|Value1|kEy2|Value2|KeY3|Value3";
my %hash;
$hash{lc $1} = $2 while $str =~ m/\G([^|]*)\|([^|]*)\|?/g;
use strict;
use warnings;
my $str="KEY1|Value1|kEy2|Value2|KeY3|Value3";
my %hash = map { my ($k, $v) = split /\|/, $_, 2; (lc($k) => $v) }
$str =~ m/([^|]*\|[^|]*)\|?/g;
Here's a solution that avoids mutating the input string, constructing a new string of the same length as the input string, or creating an intermediate array in memory.
The solution here changes the split into looping over a match statement.
#! /usr/bin/env perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use Data::Dumper;
my $a="KEY1|Value1|kEy2|Value2|KeY3|Value3";
sub normalize_alist_opt {
my ($input) = #_;
my %c;
my $last_key;
while ($input =~ m/([^|]*(\||\z)?)/g) {
my $s = $1;
next unless $s ne '';
$s =~ s/\|\z//g;
if (defined $last_key) {
$c{ lc($last_key) } = $s;
$last_key = undef;
} else {
$last_key = $s;
}
}
return \%c;
}
print Dumper(normalize_alist_opt($a));
A potential solution that operates over the split directly. Perl might recognize and optimize the special case. Although based on discussions here and here, I'm not sure.
sub normalize_alist {
my ($input) = #_;
my %c;
my $last_key;
foreach my $s (split /\|/, $input) {
if (defined $last_key) {
$c{ lc($last_key) } = $s;
$last_key = undef;
} else {
$last_key = $s;
}
}
return \%c;
}
I have a series of strings for example
my #strings;
$strings[1] = 'foo/bar/some/more';
$strings[2] = 'also/some/stuff';
$strings[3] = 'this/can/have/way/too/many/substrings';
What I would like to do is to split these strings and store them in a hash as keys like this
my %hash;
$hash{foo}{bar}{some}{more} = 1;
$hash{also}{some}{stuff} = 1;
$hash{this}{can}{have}{way}{too}{many}{substrings} = 1;
I could go on and list my failed attempts, but I don't think they add to the value to the question, but I will mention one. Lets say I converted 'foo/bar/some/more' to '{foo}{bar}{some}{more}'. Could I somehow store that in a variable and do something like the following?
my $var = '{foo}{bar}{some}{more}';
$hash$var = 1;
NOTE: THIS DOESN'T WORK, but I hope it only doesn't due to a syntax error.
All help appreciated.
Identical logic to Shawn's answer. But I've hidden the clever hash-walking bit in a subroutine. And I've set the final value to 1 rather than an empty hash reference.
#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use feature 'say';
use Data::Dumper;
my #keys = qw(
foo/bar/some/more
also/some/stuff
this/can/have/way/too/many/substrings
);
my %hash;
for (#keys) {
multilevel(\%hash, $_);
}
say Dumper \%hash;
sub multilevel {
my ($hashref, $string) = #_;
my $curr_ref = $hashref;
my #strings = split m[/], $string;
for (#strings[0 .. $#strings - 1]) {
$curr_ref->{$_} //= {};
$curr_ref = $curr_ref->{$_};
}
$curr_ref->{#strings[-1]} = 1;
}
You have to use hash references to walk down thru the list of keys.
use Data::Dumper;
my %hash = ();
while( my $string = <DATA> ){
chomp $string;
my #keys = split /\//, $string;
my $hash_ref = \%hash;
for my $key ( #keys ){
$hash_ref->{$key} = {};
$hash_ref = $hash_ref->{$key};
}
}
say Dumper \%hash;
__DATA__
foo/bar/some/more
also/some/stuff
this/can/have/way/too/many/substrings
Just use a library.
use Data::Diver qw(DiveVal);
my #strings = (
undef,
'foo/bar/some/more',
'also/some/stuff',
'this/can/have/way/too/many/substrings',
);
my %hash;
for my $index (1..3) {
my $root = {};
DiveVal($root, split '/', $strings[$index]) = 1;
%hash = (%hash, %$root);
}
__END__
(
also => {some => {stuff => 1}},
foo => {bar => {some => {more => 1}}},
this => {can => {have => {way => {too => {many => {substrings => 1}}}}}},
)
I took the easy way out w/'eval':
use Data::Dumper;
%hash = ();
#strings = ( 'this/is/a/path', 'and/another/path', 'and/one/final/path' );
foreach ( #strings ) {
s/\//\}\{/g;
$str = '{' . $_ . '}'; # version 2: remove this line, and then
eval( "\$hash$str = 1;" ); # eval( "\$hash{$_} = 1;" );
}
print Dumper( %hash )."\n";
I wish to create a key/value pair in a hash only if I have a defined value to assign.
I am currently doing this:
$hash{key1} = $val1 if defined $val1;
which is OK - but can become annoying when $val1 is complicated. Is there a way that I can neatly get the same outcome without having to say $val1 twice? The test script below might help clarify what I am trying to achieve.
use strict;
use warnings;
use Test::More tests => 1;
my %hash;
my $val1 = undef; # Explicitly undef
my $val2 = 10;
$hash{key1} = $val1 if defined $val1;
$hash{key2} = $val2 if defined $val2;
my %expected = ('key2', 10);
is_deeply(\%hash, \%expected, 'Hashes compare');
If you have many such values to check you can use grep/list:
use strict;
use warnings;
my %hash;
my $val1 = undef;
my $val2 = 10;
$hash{$_->[0]} = $_->[1] for grep { defined $_->[1] }
['key1', $val1], ['key2', $val2];
Or you can filter the hash after populating it blindly:
$hash{key1} = $val1;
$hash{key2} = $val2;
%hash = map { $_, $hash{$_} } grep { defined $hash{$_} } keys %hash;
Write a subroutine.
set( \%hash, $key1, $val1 );
set( \&hash, $key2, $val2 );
sub set {
my $hash = shift;
my $key = shift;
my $val = shift;
$hash->{$key} = $val if defined $val;
}
Can anyone make this print "4" by replacing the PFM block??
my %hash;
$hash{1}{2}{3}=4;
my #key=qw(1 2 3);
my $key;
for(#key){PFM}
print $hash{$key}
my %hash;
$hash{1}{2}{3}=4;
my #key=qw(1 2 3);
my $data = \%hash;
for(#key){
$data = $data->{$_}
}
print $data
my $val = \%hash;
$val //= $val->{$_} for #key;
say $val;
or you could use Data::Diver
use Data::Diver qw( Dive );
say Dive(\%hash, #key);
Neither version will vivify anything if any part of the key doesn't exist.
If you want to set a value using such a key:
my $p = \\%hash;
$p = \( $$p->{$_} ) for #key;
$$p = 5;
or
use Data::Diver qw( DiveRef );
my $ref = DiveRef(\%hash, map \$_, #key);
$$ref = 5;
or
use Data::Diver qw( DiveVal );
DiveVal(\%hash, map \$_, #key) = 5;
(The map \$_, is required to make Data::Diver make hashes instead of arrays for numerical keys.)
Yes. But it's probably not what you wanted:
$key = "X";
$hash{X} = 4;
4 is not a value of the %hash originally:
my #fours = grep $_ == 4, values %hash;
print "[#fours]\n"; # prints '[]'
Given a typeglob, how can I find which types are actually defined?
In my application, we user PERL as a simple configuration format.
I'd like to require() the user config file, then be able to see which variables are defined, as well as what types they are.
Code: (questionable quality advisory)
#!/usr/bin/env perl
use strict;
use warnings;
my %before = %main::;
require "/path/to/my.config";
my %after = %main::;
foreach my $key (sort keys %after) {
next if exists $before{$symbol};
local *myglob = $after{$symbol};
#the SCALAR glob is always defined, so we check the value instead
if ( defined ${ *myglob{SCALAR} } ) {
my $val = ${ *myglob{SCALAR} };
print "\$$symbol = '".$val."'\n" ;
}
if ( defined *myglob{ARRAY} ) {
my #val = #{ *myglob{ARRAY} };
print "\#$symbol = ( '". join("', '", #val) . "' )\n" ;
}
if ( defined *myglob{HASH} ) {
my %val = %{ *myglob{HASH} };
print "\%$symbol = ( ";
while( my ($key, $val) = each %val ) {
print "$key=>'$val', ";
}
print ")\n" ;
}
}
my.config:
#A = ( a, b, c );
%B = ( b=>'bee' );
$C = 'see';
output:
#A = ( 'a', 'b', 'c' )
%B = ( b=>'bee', )
$C = 'see'
$_<my.config = 'my.config'
In the fully general case, you can't do what you want thanks to the following excerpt from perlref:
*foo{THING} returns undef if that particular THING hasn't been used yet, except in the case of scalars. *foo{SCALAR} returns a reference to an anonymous scalar if $foo hasn't been used yet. This might change in a future release.
But if you're willing to accept the restriction that any scalar must have a defined value to be detected, then you might use code such as
#! /usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
open my $fh, "<", \$_; # get DynaLoader out of the way
my %before = %main::;
require "my.config";
my %after = %main::;
foreach my $name (sort keys %after) {
unless (exists $before{$name}) {
no strict 'refs';
my $glob = $after{$name};
print "\$$name\n" if defined ${ *{$glob}{SCALAR} };
print "\#$name\n" if defined *{$glob}{ARRAY};
print "%$name\n" if defined *{$glob}{HASH};
print "&$name\n" if defined *{$glob}{CODE};
print "$name (format)\n" if defined *{$glob}{FORMAT};
print "$name (filehandle)\n" if defined *{$glob}{IO};
}
}
will get you there.
With my.config of
$JACKPOT = 3_756_788;
$YOU_CANT_SEE_ME = undef;
#OPTIONS = qw/ apple cherries bar orange lemon /;
%CREDITS = (1 => 1, 5 => 6, 10 => 15);
sub is_jackpot {
local $" = ""; # " fix Stack Overflow highlighting
"#_[0,1,2]" eq "barbarbar";
}
open FH, "<", \$JACKPOT;
format WinMessage =
You win!
.
the output is
%CREDITS
FH (filehandle)
$JACKPOT
#OPTIONS
WinMessage (format)
&is_jackpot
Printing the names takes a little work, but we can use the Data::Dumper module to take part of the burden. The front matter is similar:
#! /usr/bin/perl
use warnings;
use strict;
use Data::Dumper;
sub _dump {
my($ref) = #_;
local $Data::Dumper::Indent = 0;
local $Data::Dumper::Terse = 1;
scalar Dumper $ref;
}
open my $fh, "<", \$_; # get DynaLoader out of the way
my %before = %main::;
require "my.config";
my %after = %main::;
We need to dump the various slots slightly differently and in each case remove the trappings of references:
my %dump = (
SCALAR => sub {
my($ref,$name) = #_;
return unless defined $$ref;
"\$$name = " . substr _dump($ref), 1;
},
ARRAY => sub {
my($ref,$name) = #_;
return unless defined $ref;
for ("\#$name = " . _dump $ref) {
s/= \[/= (/;
s/\]$/)/;
return $_;
}
},
HASH => sub {
my($ref,$name) = #_;
return unless defined $ref;
for ("%$name = " . _dump $ref) {
s/= \{/= (/;
s/\}$/)/;
return $_;
}
},
);
Finally, we loop over the set-difference between %before and %after:
foreach my $name (sort keys %after) {
unless (exists $before{$name}) {
no strict 'refs';
my $glob = $after{$name};
foreach my $slot (keys %dump) {
my $var = $dump{$slot}(*{$glob}{$slot},$name);
print $var, "\n" if defined $var;
}
}
}
Using the my.config from your question, the output is
$ ./prog.pl
#A = ('a','b','c')
%B = ('b' => 'bee')
$C = 'see'
Working code using a CPAN module that gets some of the hair out of the way, Package::Stash. As noted in my comment to gbacon's answer, this is blind to the config file doing $someval = undef but that seems to be unavoidable, and at least the other cases are caught. It also limits itself to the SCALAR, ARRAY, HASH, CODE, and IO types -- getting GLOB and FORMAT is possible but it makes the code less pretty and also creates noise in the output :)
#!perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use Package::Stash;
sub all_vars_in {
my ($package) = #_;
my #ret;
my $stash = Package::Stash->new($package);
for my $sym ($stash->list_all_package_symbols) {
for my $sigil (qw($ # % &), '') {
my $fullsym = "$sigil$sym";
push #ret, $fullsym if $stash->has_package_symbol($fullsym);
}
}
#ret;
}
my %before;
$before{$_} ++ for all_vars_in('main');
require "my.config";
for my $var (all_vars_in('main')) {
print "$var\n" unless exists $before{$var};
}
Beginning in 5.010, you can distinguish whether a SCALAR exists using the B introspection module; see Detecting declared package variables in perl
Update: example copied from that answer:
# package main;
our $f;
sub f {}
sub g {}
use B;
use 5.010;
if ( ${ B::svref_2object(\*f)->SV } ) {
say "f: Thar be a scalar tharrr!";
}
if ( ${ B::svref_2object(\*g)->SV } ) {
say "g: Thar be a scalar tharrr!";
}
1;
UPDATE:
gbacon is right. *glob{SCALAR} is defined.
Here is the output I get using your code:
Name "main::glob" used only once:
possible typo at
test_glob_foo_thing.pl line 13.
'FOO1' (SCALAR)
'FOO1' (GLOB)
'FOO2' (SCALAR)
'FOO2' (GLOB)
'_<my.config' (SCALAR)
'_<my.config' (GLOB)
This is despite FOO2 being defined as a hash, but not as a scalar.
ORIGINAL ANSWER:
If I understand you correctly, you simply need to use the defined built-in.
#!/usr/bin/env perl
use strict;
use warnings;
my %before = %main::;
require "/path/to/my.config";
my %after = %main::;
foreach my $key (sort keys %after) {
if (not exists $before{$key}) {
if(defined($after{$key}){
my $val = $after{$key};
my $what = ref($val);
print "'$key' ($what)\n";
}
}
}
I hate to ask, but instead of messing around with typeglobs, why not switch to a real configuration format? e.g. check out Config::Simple and YAML.
I wouldn't recommend messing around with typeglobs and symbol tables in normal cases (some CPAN modules do that, but only at the bottom levels of large systems - e.g. Moose in the lowest levels of Class::MOP). Perl gives you a lot of rope to work with, but that rope is also quite happy to self-noosify and self-tie-around-your-neck if you're not careful :)
See also: How do you manage configuration files in Perl?
no strict 'refs';
my $func_name = 'myfunc';
*{$func_name}{CODE}()
use strict 'refs';
If you don't mind parsing Data::Dump output, you could use it to tease out the differences.
use strict;
use warnings;
use Data::Dump qw{ dump };
my %before = %main::;
require "my.config";
my %after = %main::;
foreach my $key ( sort keys %after ) {
if ( not exists $before{$key} ) {
my $glob = $after{$key};
print "'$key' " . dump( $glob) . "\n";
}
}
Using this code with the following config file:
$FOO1 = 3;
$FOO2 = 'my_scalar';
%FOO2 = ( a=>'b', c=>'d' );
#FOO3 = ( 1 .. 5);
$FOO4 = [ 1 .. 5 ];
I believe that this output provides enough information to be able to figure out which parts of each type glob are defined:
'FOO1' do {
my $a = *main::FOO1;
$a = \3;
$a;
}
'FOO2' do {
my $a = *main::FOO2;
$a = \"my_scalar";
$a = { a => "b", c => "d" };
$a;
}
'FOO3' do {
my $a = *main::FOO3;
$a = [1 .. 5];
$a;
}
'FOO4' do {
my $a = *main::FOO4;
$a = \[1 .. 5];
$a;
}
'_<my.config' do {
my $a = *main::_<my.config;
$a = \"my.config";
$a;
}