I am trying to create a read-only user in PostgreSQL and I have done so, with the only caveat being that my new read-only user is able to create temporary tables. How?? Why??
I have specifically run:
CREATE ROLE read_access LOGIN;
REVOKE CREATE ON SCHEMA public FROM public;
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA {schema_name} TO read_access;
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA {schema_name} TO read_access;
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA {schema_name}
GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO read_access;
You are missing one permission:
REVOKE TEMPORARY ON DATABASE {dbname} FROM PUBLIC;
By default, the special role PUBLIC, to which everybody automatically belongs, is allowed to create temporary tables.
Related
I created new role named "support" in my PostgreSQL. Now I need grant "READ ONLY" permissions for this role an ALL exists databases/tables.
Also I need automatically granted same permissions on each DB that will created in future.
I unsuccessfully tried next queries for grant permissions in new databases (Can not select from new database tables ):
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ROLE support GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO PUBLIC;
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA public GRANT SELECT ON TABLES to support;
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES allows you to set the privileges that will be
applied to objects created in the future. (It does not affect
privileges assigned to already-existing objects.)
I know it should be easy question but still facing an issue with permissions.
I need to have 3 users in postgres:
Fully Admin like default "postgres" user
Should have access to insert, select and update with delete but no admin access
Should have access to all tables only with read only permissions
I did this in this way:
CREATE role program_schema_role_ro ;
CREATE role program_schema_role_normal ;
CREATE role program_schema_role_admin ;
CREATE USER user_ro WITH PASSWORD 'user_ro';
CREATE USER user_app WITH PASSWORD 'user_app';
CREATE USER user_admin WITH PASSWORD 'user_admin';
GRANT program_schema_role_ro to user_ro;
GRANT program_schema_role_normal TO user_app;
GRANT program_schema_role_admin TO user_admin;
GRANT program_schema_role_admin TO postgres;
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ROLE program_schema_role_admin IN SCHEMA public GRANT ALL ON TABLES TO program_schema_role_admin;
GRANT ALL ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO program_schema_role_admin;
GRANT posgtres TO program_schema_role_admin;
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ROLE program_schema_role_admin GRANT ALL ON SEQUENCES TO program_schema_role_admin;
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA public TO program_schema_role_admin;
REVOKE program_schema_role_admin FROM postgres;
GRANT program_schema_role_normal TO postgres;
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ROLE program_schema_role_normal IN SCHEMA public GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, TRUNCATE ON TABLES TO program_schema_role_normal;
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, TRUNCATE ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO program_schema_role_normal;
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ROLE program_schema_role_normal GRANT USAGE, SELECT ON SEQUENCES TO program_schema_role_normal;
GRANT USAGE, SELECT ON ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA public TO program_schema_role_normal;
REVOKE program_schema_role_normal FROM postgres;
GRANT program_schema_role_ro TO postgres;
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ROLE program_schema_role_ro IN SCHEMA public GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO program_schema_role_ro;
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO program_schema_role_ro;
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ROLE program_schema_role_ro GRANT SELECT ON SEQUENCES TO program_schema_role_ro;
GRANT SELECT ON ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA public TO program_schema_role_ro;
REVOKE program_schema_role_ro FROM postgres;
But still after all of this I facing a lot of issues.
Like after new table which created by admin, no read access to other
Or app user or ro user have permissions to alter.
Where is my mistake?
The ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES statements you run will only affect objects created by program_schema_role_ro itself, not objects created by members of that role.
You'd have to run
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR ROLE user_admin ...
I want to set a user which I can use remote, that for a database can:
do any rows operations
can't add new columns
can't delete/create database or tables
I don't want the user to have access to other databases
I executed:
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE "example" to user_name;
REVOKE CREATE ON DATABASE "example" FROM user_name;
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO user_name;
The following fails:
REVOKE CREATE ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public FROM user_name;
invalid privilege type CREATE for relation
Can you, please, add all necessary steps.
Also,:
some help to what to set in pg_admin drop, to import only data remotely.
In Ubuntu set/activate full search
You probably want to keep the user from crating tables in schema public.
For that, you must revoke the CREATE privilege on that schema which is by default granted to everybody:
REVOKE CREATE ON SCHEMA public FROM PUBLIC;
If you want to user to have permissions on tables that will be created in the future, consider using ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES.
I'd like to create a user in PostgreSQL that can only do SELECTs from a particular database. In MySQL the command would be:
GRANT SELECT ON mydb.* TO 'xxx'#'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'yyy';
What is the equivalent command or series of commands in PostgreSQL?
I tried...
postgres=# CREATE ROLE xxx LOGIN PASSWORD 'yyy';
postgres=# GRANT SELECT ON DATABASE mydb TO xxx;
But it appears that the only things you can grant on a database are CREATE, CONNECT, TEMPORARY, and TEMP.
Grant usage/select to a single table
If you only grant CONNECT to a database, the user can connect but has no other privileges. You have to grant USAGE on namespaces (schemas) and SELECT on tables and views individually like so:
GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE mydb TO xxx;
-- This assumes you're actually connected to mydb..
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO xxx;
GRANT SELECT ON mytable TO xxx;
Multiple tables/views (PostgreSQL 9.0+)
In the latest versions of PostgreSQL, you can grant permissions on all tables/views/etc in the schema using a single command rather than having to type them one by one:
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO xxx;
This only affects tables that have already been created. More powerfully, you can automatically have default roles assigned to new objects in future:
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA public
GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO xxx;
Note that by default this will only affect objects (tables) created by the user that issued this command: although it can also be set on any role that the issuing user is a member of. However, you don't pick up default privileges for all roles you're a member of when creating new objects... so there's still some faffing around. If you adopt the approach that a database has an owning role, and schema changes are performed as that owning role, then you should assign default privileges to that owning role. IMHO this is all a bit confusing and you may need to experiment to come up with a functional workflow.
Multiple tables/views (PostgreSQL versions before 9.0)
To avoid errors in lengthy, multi-table changes, it is recommended to use the following 'automatic' process to generate the required GRANT SELECT to each table/view:
SELECT 'GRANT SELECT ON ' || relname || ' TO xxx;'
FROM pg_class JOIN pg_namespace ON pg_namespace.oid = pg_class.relnamespace
WHERE nspname = 'public' AND relkind IN ('r', 'v', 'S');
This should output the relevant GRANT commands to GRANT SELECT on all tables, views, and sequences in public, for copy-n-paste love. Naturally, this will only be applied to tables that have already been created.
Reference taken from this blog:
Script to Create Read-Only user:
CREATE ROLE Read_Only_User WITH LOGIN PASSWORD 'Test1234'
NOSUPERUSER INHERIT NOCREATEDB NOCREATEROLE NOREPLICATION VALID UNTIL 'infinity';
\connect YourDatabaseName;
Assign permission to this read-only user:
GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE YourDatabaseName TO Read_Only_User;
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO Read_Only_User;
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO Read_Only_User;
GRANT SELECT ON ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA public TO Read_Only_User;
REVOKE CREATE ON SCHEMA public FROM PUBLIC;
Assign permissions to read all newly tables created in the future
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA public GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO Read_Only_User;
From PostgreSQL v14 on, you can do that simply by granting the predefined pg_read_all_data role:
GRANT pg_read_all_data TO xxx;
Do note that PostgreSQL 9.0 (today in beta testing) will have a simple way to do that:
test=> GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO joeuser;
Here is the best way I've found to add read-only users (using PostgreSQL 9.0 or newer):
$ sudo -upostgres psql postgres
postgres=# CREATE ROLE readonly WITH LOGIN ENCRYPTED PASSWORD '<USE_A_NICE_STRONG_PASSWORD_PLEASE';
postgres=# GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO readonly;
Then log in to all related machines (master + read-slave(s)/hot-standby(s), etc..) and run:
$ echo "hostssl <PUT_DBNAME_HERE> <PUT_READONLY_USERNAME_HERE> 0.0.0.0/0 md5" | sudo tee -a /etc/postgresql/9.2/main/pg_hba.conf
$ sudo service postgresql reload
By default new users will have permission to create tables. If you are planning to create a read-only user, this is probably not what you want.
To create a true read-only user with PostgreSQL 9.0+, run the following steps:
# This will prevent default users from creating tables
REVOKE CREATE ON SCHEMA public FROM public;
# If you want to grant a write user permission to create tables
# note that superusers will always be able to create tables anyway
GRANT CREATE ON SCHEMA public to writeuser;
# Now create the read-only user
CREATE ROLE readonlyuser WITH LOGIN ENCRYPTED PASSWORD 'strongpassword';
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO readonlyuser;
If your read-only user doesn't have permission to list tables (i.e. \d returns no results), it's probably because you don't have USAGE permissions for the schema. USAGE is a permission that allows users to actually use the permissions they have been assigned. What's the point of this? I'm not sure. To fix:
# You can either grant USAGE to everyone
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO public;
# Or grant it just to your read only user
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO readonlyuser;
I’ve created a convenient script for that; pg_grant_read_to_db.sh. This script grants read-only privileges to a specified role on all tables, views and sequences in a database schema and sets them as default.
I read trough all the possible solutions, which are all fine, if you remember to connect to the database before you grant the things ;) Thanks anyway to all other solutions!!!
user#server:~$ sudo su - postgres
create psql user:
postgres#server:~$ createuser --interactive
Enter name of role to add: readonly
Shall the new role be a superuser? (y/n) n
Shall the new role be allowed to create databases? (y/n) n
Shall the new role be allowed to create more new roles? (y/n) n
start psql cli and set a password for the created user:
postgres#server:~$ psql
psql (10.6 (Ubuntu 10.6-0ubuntu0.18.04.1), server 9.5.14)
Type "help" for help.
postgres=# alter user readonly with password 'readonly';
ALTER ROLE
connect to the target database:
postgres=# \c target_database
psql (10.6 (Ubuntu 10.6-0ubuntu0.18.04.1), server 9.5.14)
You are now connected to database "target_database" as user "postgres".
grant all the needed privileges:
target_database=# GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE target_database TO readonly;
GRANT
target_database=# GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO readonly ;
GRANT
target_database=# GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO readonly ;
GRANT
alter default privileges for targets db public shema:
target_database=# ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA public GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO readonly;
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
If your database is in the public schema, it is easy (this assumes you have already created the readonlyuser)
db=> GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public to readonlyuser;
GRANT
db=> GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE mydatabase to readonlyuser;
GRANT
db=> GRANT SELECT ON ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA public to readonlyuser;
GRANT
If your database is using customschema, execute the above but add one more command:
db=> ALTER USER readonlyuser SET search_path=customschema, public;
ALTER ROLE
The not straightforward way of doing it would be granting select on each table of the database:
postgres=# grant select on db_name.table_name to read_only_user;
You could automate that by generating your grant statements from the database metadata.
Taken from a link posted in response to despesz' link.
Postgres 9.x appears to have the capability to do what is requested. See the Grant On Database Objects paragraph of:
http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/interactive/sql-grant.html
Where it says: "There is also an option to grant privileges on all objects of the same type within one or more schemas. This functionality is currently supported only for tables, sequences, and functions (but note that ALL TABLES is considered to include views and foreign tables)."
This page also discusses use of ROLEs and a PRIVILEGE called "ALL PRIVILEGES".
Also present is information about how GRANT functionalities compare to SQL standards.
CREATE USER username SUPERUSER password 'userpass';
ALTER USER username set default_transaction_read_only = on;
I'd like to create a user in PostgreSQL that can only do SELECTs from a particular database. In MySQL the command would be:
GRANT SELECT ON mydb.* TO 'xxx'#'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'yyy';
What is the equivalent command or series of commands in PostgreSQL?
I tried...
postgres=# CREATE ROLE xxx LOGIN PASSWORD 'yyy';
postgres=# GRANT SELECT ON DATABASE mydb TO xxx;
But it appears that the only things you can grant on a database are CREATE, CONNECT, TEMPORARY, and TEMP.
Grant usage/select to a single table
If you only grant CONNECT to a database, the user can connect but has no other privileges. You have to grant USAGE on namespaces (schemas) and SELECT on tables and views individually like so:
GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE mydb TO xxx;
-- This assumes you're actually connected to mydb..
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO xxx;
GRANT SELECT ON mytable TO xxx;
Multiple tables/views (PostgreSQL 9.0+)
In the latest versions of PostgreSQL, you can grant permissions on all tables/views/etc in the schema using a single command rather than having to type them one by one:
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO xxx;
This only affects tables that have already been created. More powerfully, you can automatically have default roles assigned to new objects in future:
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA public
GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO xxx;
Note that by default this will only affect objects (tables) created by the user that issued this command: although it can also be set on any role that the issuing user is a member of. However, you don't pick up default privileges for all roles you're a member of when creating new objects... so there's still some faffing around. If you adopt the approach that a database has an owning role, and schema changes are performed as that owning role, then you should assign default privileges to that owning role. IMHO this is all a bit confusing and you may need to experiment to come up with a functional workflow.
Multiple tables/views (PostgreSQL versions before 9.0)
To avoid errors in lengthy, multi-table changes, it is recommended to use the following 'automatic' process to generate the required GRANT SELECT to each table/view:
SELECT 'GRANT SELECT ON ' || relname || ' TO xxx;'
FROM pg_class JOIN pg_namespace ON pg_namespace.oid = pg_class.relnamespace
WHERE nspname = 'public' AND relkind IN ('r', 'v', 'S');
This should output the relevant GRANT commands to GRANT SELECT on all tables, views, and sequences in public, for copy-n-paste love. Naturally, this will only be applied to tables that have already been created.
Reference taken from this blog:
Script to Create Read-Only user:
CREATE ROLE Read_Only_User WITH LOGIN PASSWORD 'Test1234'
NOSUPERUSER INHERIT NOCREATEDB NOCREATEROLE NOREPLICATION VALID UNTIL 'infinity';
\connect YourDatabaseName;
Assign permission to this read-only user:
GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE YourDatabaseName TO Read_Only_User;
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO Read_Only_User;
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO Read_Only_User;
GRANT SELECT ON ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA public TO Read_Only_User;
REVOKE CREATE ON SCHEMA public FROM PUBLIC;
Assign permissions to read all newly tables created in the future
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA public GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO Read_Only_User;
From PostgreSQL v14 on, you can do that simply by granting the predefined pg_read_all_data role:
GRANT pg_read_all_data TO xxx;
Do note that PostgreSQL 9.0 (today in beta testing) will have a simple way to do that:
test=> GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO joeuser;
Here is the best way I've found to add read-only users (using PostgreSQL 9.0 or newer):
$ sudo -upostgres psql postgres
postgres=# CREATE ROLE readonly WITH LOGIN ENCRYPTED PASSWORD '<USE_A_NICE_STRONG_PASSWORD_PLEASE';
postgres=# GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO readonly;
Then log in to all related machines (master + read-slave(s)/hot-standby(s), etc..) and run:
$ echo "hostssl <PUT_DBNAME_HERE> <PUT_READONLY_USERNAME_HERE> 0.0.0.0/0 md5" | sudo tee -a /etc/postgresql/9.2/main/pg_hba.conf
$ sudo service postgresql reload
By default new users will have permission to create tables. If you are planning to create a read-only user, this is probably not what you want.
To create a true read-only user with PostgreSQL 9.0+, run the following steps:
# This will prevent default users from creating tables
REVOKE CREATE ON SCHEMA public FROM public;
# If you want to grant a write user permission to create tables
# note that superusers will always be able to create tables anyway
GRANT CREATE ON SCHEMA public to writeuser;
# Now create the read-only user
CREATE ROLE readonlyuser WITH LOGIN ENCRYPTED PASSWORD 'strongpassword';
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO readonlyuser;
If your read-only user doesn't have permission to list tables (i.e. \d returns no results), it's probably because you don't have USAGE permissions for the schema. USAGE is a permission that allows users to actually use the permissions they have been assigned. What's the point of this? I'm not sure. To fix:
# You can either grant USAGE to everyone
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO public;
# Or grant it just to your read only user
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO readonlyuser;
I’ve created a convenient script for that; pg_grant_read_to_db.sh. This script grants read-only privileges to a specified role on all tables, views and sequences in a database schema and sets them as default.
I read trough all the possible solutions, which are all fine, if you remember to connect to the database before you grant the things ;) Thanks anyway to all other solutions!!!
user#server:~$ sudo su - postgres
create psql user:
postgres#server:~$ createuser --interactive
Enter name of role to add: readonly
Shall the new role be a superuser? (y/n) n
Shall the new role be allowed to create databases? (y/n) n
Shall the new role be allowed to create more new roles? (y/n) n
start psql cli and set a password for the created user:
postgres#server:~$ psql
psql (10.6 (Ubuntu 10.6-0ubuntu0.18.04.1), server 9.5.14)
Type "help" for help.
postgres=# alter user readonly with password 'readonly';
ALTER ROLE
connect to the target database:
postgres=# \c target_database
psql (10.6 (Ubuntu 10.6-0ubuntu0.18.04.1), server 9.5.14)
You are now connected to database "target_database" as user "postgres".
grant all the needed privileges:
target_database=# GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE target_database TO readonly;
GRANT
target_database=# GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO readonly ;
GRANT
target_database=# GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public TO readonly ;
GRANT
alter default privileges for targets db public shema:
target_database=# ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES IN SCHEMA public GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO readonly;
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES
If your database is in the public schema, it is easy (this assumes you have already created the readonlyuser)
db=> GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA public to readonlyuser;
GRANT
db=> GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE mydatabase to readonlyuser;
GRANT
db=> GRANT SELECT ON ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA public to readonlyuser;
GRANT
If your database is using customschema, execute the above but add one more command:
db=> ALTER USER readonlyuser SET search_path=customschema, public;
ALTER ROLE
The not straightforward way of doing it would be granting select on each table of the database:
postgres=# grant select on db_name.table_name to read_only_user;
You could automate that by generating your grant statements from the database metadata.
Taken from a link posted in response to despesz' link.
Postgres 9.x appears to have the capability to do what is requested. See the Grant On Database Objects paragraph of:
http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/interactive/sql-grant.html
Where it says: "There is also an option to grant privileges on all objects of the same type within one or more schemas. This functionality is currently supported only for tables, sequences, and functions (but note that ALL TABLES is considered to include views and foreign tables)."
This page also discusses use of ROLEs and a PRIVILEGE called "ALL PRIVILEGES".
Also present is information about how GRANT functionalities compare to SQL standards.
CREATE USER username SUPERUSER password 'userpass';
ALTER USER username set default_transaction_read_only = on;