I am trying to calculate cosine distances of 2 title and headline columns via using pre-trained bert model just like below
title
headline
title_array
headline_array
arrayed
Dance Gavin Dance bass player Tim Feerick dead at 34
Prince Harry and Meghan Markle make secret visit to see Queen ahead of Invictus Games
["Dance Gavin Dance bass player Tim Feerick dead at 34"]
["Prince Harry and Meghan Markle make secret visit to see Queen ahead of Invictus Games"]
["Dance Gavin Dance bass player Tim Feerick dead at 34", "Prince Harry and Meghan Markle make secret visit to see Queen ahead of Invictus Games"]
# downloading bert
model = SentenceTransformer('bert-base-nli-mean-tokens')
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
import numpy as np
from pyspark.sql.types import FloatType
import pyspark.sql.functions as f
#udf(FloatType())
def cosine_similarity(sentence_embeddings, ind_a, ind_b):
s = sentence_embeddings
return np.dot(s[ind_a], s[ind_b]) / (np.linalg.norm(s[ind_a]) * np.linalg.norm(s[ind_b]))
#udf_bert = udf(cosine_similarity, FloatType())
''''
s0 = "our president is a good leader he will not fail"
s1 = "our president is not a good leader he will fail"
s2 = "our president is a good leader"
s3 = "our president will succeed"
sentences = [s0, s1, s2, s3]
sentence_embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
s = sentence_embeddings
print(f"{s0} <--> {s1}: {udf_bert(sentence_embeddings, 0, 1)}")
print(f"{s0} <--> {s2}: {cosine_similarity(sentence_embeddings, 0, 2)}")
print(f"{s0} <--> {s3}: {cosine_similarity(sentence_embeddings, 0, 3)}")
'''''
test_df = test_df.withColumn("Similarities", (cosine_similarity(model.encode(test_df.arrayed), 0, 1))
As we see from the example , algorithm takes concatenation of two array of strings and calculate distances of cosine among them.
When I only run the algorithm/function with the sample texts commented out , it is working. But when I try to apply it into my dataframe via registering as a udf and call with dataframe I am facing with the error below:
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<command-757165186581086> in <module>
26 '''''
27
---> 28 test_df = test_df.withColumn("Similarities", f.lit(cosine_similarity(model.encode(test_df.arrayed), 0, 1)))
/databricks/spark/python/pyspark/sql/udf.py in wrapper(*args)
197 #functools.wraps(self.func, assigned=assignments)
198 def wrapper(*args):
--> 199 return self(*args)
200
201 wrapper.__name__ = self._name
/databricks/spark/python/pyspark/sql/udf.py in __call__(self, *cols)
177 judf = self._judf
178 sc = SparkContext._active_spark_context
--> 179 return Column(judf.apply(_to_seq(sc, cols, _to_java_column)))
180
181 # This function is for improving the online help system in the interactive interpreter.
/databricks/spark/python/pyspark/sql/column.py in _to_seq(sc, cols, converter)
60 """
61 if converter:
---> 62 cols = [converter(c) for c in cols]
63 return sc._jvm.PythonUtils.toSeq(cols)
64
/databricks/spark/python/pyspark/sql/column.py in <listcomp>(.0)
60 """
61 if converter:
---> 62 cols = [converter(c) for c in cols]
63 return sc._jvm.PythonUtils.toSeq(cols)
64
/databricks/spark/python/pyspark/sql/column.py in _to_java_column(col)
44 jcol = _create_column_from_name(col)
45 else:
---> 46 raise TypeError(
47 "Invalid argument, not a string or column: "
48 "{0} of type {1}. "
TypeError: Invalid argument, not a string or column: [-0.29246375 0.02216947 0.610355 -0.02230968 0.61386955 0.15291359]
The input of a UDF is a Column or a column name, that's why Spark is complaining Invalid argument, not a string or column: [-0.29246375 0.02216947 0.610355 -0.02230968 0.61386955 0.15291359]. You'll need to pass arrayed only, and refer model inside your UDF. Something like this
#udf(FloatType())
def cosine_similarity(sentence_embeddings, ind_a, ind_b):
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
model = SentenceTransformer('bert-base-nli-mean-tokens')
s = model.encode(arrayed)
return np.dot(s[ind_a], s[ind_b]) / (np.linalg.norm(s[ind_a]) * np.linalg.norm(s[ind_b]))
test_df = test_df.withColumn("Similarities", (cosine_similarity(test_df.arrayed, 0, 1))
Spotify Codes are little barcodes that allow you to share songs, artists, users, playlists, etc.
They encode information in the different heights of the "bars". There are 8 discrete heights that the 23 bars can be, which means 8^23 different possible barcodes.
Spotify generates barcodes based on their URI schema. This URI spotify:playlist:37i9dQZF1DXcBWIGoYBM5M gets mapped to this barcode:
The URI has a lot more information (62^22) in it than the code. How would you map the URI to the barcode? It seems like you can't simply encode the URI directly. For more background, see my "answer" to this question: https://stackoverflow.com/a/62120952/10703868
The patent explains the general process, this is what I have found.
This is a more recent patent
When using the Spotify code generator the website makes a request to https://scannables.scdn.co/uri/plain/[format]/[background-color-in-hex]/[code-color-in-text]/[size]/[spotify-URI].
Using Burp Suite, when scanning a code through Spotify the app sends a request to Spotify's API: https://spclient.wg.spotify.com/scannable-id/id/[CODE]?format=json where [CODE] is the media reference that you were looking for. This request can be made through python but only with the [TOKEN] that was generated through the app as this is the only way to get the correct scope. The app token expires in about half an hour.
import requests
head={
"X-Client-Id": "58bd3c95768941ea9eb4350aaa033eb3",
"Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
"Connection": "close",
"App-Platform": "iOS",
"Accept": "*/*",
"User-Agent": "Spotify/8.5.68 iOS/13.4 (iPhone9,3)",
"Accept-Language": "en",
"Authorization": "Bearer [TOKEN]",
"Spotify-App-Version": "8.5.68"}
response = requests.get('https://spclient.wg.spotify.com:443/scannable-id/id/26560102031?format=json', headers=head)
print(response)
print(response.json())
Which returns:
<Response [200]>
{'target': 'spotify:playlist:37i9dQZF1DXcBWIGoYBM5M'}
So 26560102031 is the media reference for your playlist.
The patent states that the code is first detected and then possibly converted into 63 bits using a Gray table. For example 361354354471425226605 is encoded into 010 101 001 010 111 110 010 111 110 110 100 001 110 011 111 011 011 101 101 000 111.
However the code sent to the API is 6875667268, I'm unsure how the media reference is generated but this is the number used in the lookup table.
The reference contains the integers 0-9 compared to the gray table of 0-7 implying that an algorithm using normal binary has been used. The patent talks about using a convolutional code and then the Viterbi algorithm for error correction, so this may be the output from that. Something that is impossible to recreate whithout the states I believe. However I'd be interested if you can interpret the patent any better.
This media reference is 10 digits however others have 11 or 12.
Here are two more examples of the raw distances, the gray table binary and then the media reference:
1.
022673352171662032460
000 011 011 101 100 010 010 111 011 001 100 001 101 101 011 000 010 011 110 101 000
67775490487
2.
574146602473467556050
111 100 110 001 110 101 101 000 011 110 100 010 110 101 100 111 111 101 000 111 000
57639171874
edit:
Some extra info:
There are some posts online describing how you can encode any text such as spotify:playlist:HelloWorld into a code however this no longer works.
I also discovered through the proxy that you can use the domain to fetch the album art of a track above the code. This suggests a closer integration of Spotify's API and this scannables url than previously thought. As it not only stores the URIs and their codes but can also validate URIs and return updated album art.
https://scannables.scdn.co/uri/800/spotify%3Atrack%3A0J8oh5MAMyUPRIgflnjwmB
Your suspicion was correct - they're using a lookup table. For all of the fun technical details, the relevant patent is available here: https://data.epo.org/publication-server/rest/v1.0/publication-dates/20190220/patents/EP3444755NWA1/document.pdf
Very interesting discussion. Always been attracted to barcodes so I had to take a look. I did some analysis of the barcodes alone (didn't access the API for the media refs) and think I have the basic encoding process figured out. However, based on the two examples above, I'm not convinced I have the mapping from media ref to 37-bit vector correct (i.e. it works in case 2 but not case 1). At any rate, if you have a few more pairs, that last part should be simple to work out. Let me know.
For those who want to figure this out, don't read the spoilers below!
It turns out that the basic process outlined in the patent is correct, but lacking in details. I'll summarize below using the example above. I actually analyzed this in reverse which is why I think the code description is basically correct except for step (1), i.e. I generated 45 barcodes and all of them matched had this code.
1. Map the media reference as integer to 37 bit vector.
Something like write number in base 2, with lowest significant bit
on the left and zero-padding on right if necessary.
57639171874 -> 0100010011101111111100011101011010110
2. Calculate CRC-8-CCITT, i.e. generator x^8 + x^2 + x + 1
The following steps are needed to calculate the 8 CRC bits:
Pad with 3 bits on the right:
01000100 11101111 11110001 11010110 10110000
Reverse bytes:
00100010 11110111 10001111 01101011 00001101
Calculate CRC as normal (highest order degree on the left):
-> 11001100
Reverse CRC:
-> 00110011
Invert check:
-> 11001100
Finally append to step 1 result:
01000100 11101111 11110001 11010110 10110110 01100
3. Convolutionally encode the 45 bits using the common generator
polynomials (1011011, 1111001) in binary with puncture pattern
110110 (or 101, 110 on each stream). The result of step 2 is
encoded using tail-biting, meaning we begin the shift register
in the state of the last 6 bits of the 45 long input vector.
Prepend stream with last 6 bits of data:
001100 01000100 11101111 11110001 11010110 10110110 01100
Encode using first generator:
(a) 100011100111110100110011110100000010001001011
Encode using 2nd generator:
(b) 110011100010110110110100101101011100110011011
Interleave bits (abab...):
11010000111111000010111011110011010011110001...
1010111001110001000101011000010110000111001111
Puncture every third bit:
111000111100101111101110111001011100110000100100011100110011
4. Permute data by choosing indices 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49,
56, 3, 10..., i.e. incrementing 7 modulo 60. (Note: unpermute by
incrementing 43 mod 60).
The encoded sequence after permuting is
111100110001110101101000011110010110101100111111101000111000
5. The final step is to map back to bar lengths 0 to 7 using the
gray map (000,001,011,010,110,111,101,100). This gives the 20 bar
encoding. As noted before, add three bars: short one on each end
and a long one in the middle.
UPDATE: I've added a barcode (levels) decoder (assuming no errors) and an alternate encoder that follows the description above rather than the equivalent linear algebra method. Hopefully that is a bit more clear.
UPDATE 2: Got rid of most of the hard-coded arrays to illustrate how they are generated.
The linear algebra method defines the linear transformation (spotify_generator) and mask to map the 37 bit input into the 60 bit convolutionally encoded data. The mask is result of the 8-bit inverted CRC being convolutionally encoded. The spotify_generator is a 37x60 matrix that implements the product of generators for the CRC (a 37x45 matrix) and convolutional codes (a 45x60 matrix). You can create the generator matrix from an encoding function by applying the function to each row of an appropriate size generator matrix. For example, a CRC function that add 8 bits to each 37 bit data vector applied to each row of a 37x37 identity matrix.
import numpy as np
import crccheck
# Utils for conversion between int, array of binary
# and array of bytes (as ints)
def int_to_bin(num, length, endian):
if endian == 'l':
return [num >> i & 1 for i in range(0, length)]
elif endian == 'b':
return [num >> i & 1 for i in range(length-1, -1, -1)]
def bin_to_int(bin,length):
return int("".join([str(bin[i]) for i in range(length-1,-1,-1)]),2)
def bin_to_bytes(bin, length):
b = bin[0:length] + [0] * (-length % 8)
return [(b[i]<<7) + (b[i+1]<<6) + (b[i+2]<<5) + (b[i+3]<<4) +
(b[i+4]<<3) + (b[i+5]<<2) + (b[i+6]<<1) + b[i+7] for i in range(0,len(b),8)]
# Return the circular right shift of an array by 'n' positions
def shift_right(arr, n):
return arr[-n % len(arr):len(arr):] + arr[0:-n % len(arr)]
gray_code = [0,1,3,2,7,6,4,5]
gray_code_inv = [[0,0,0],[0,0,1],[0,1,1],[0,1,0],
[1,1,0],[1,1,1],[1,0,1],[1,0,0]]
# CRC using Rocksoft model:
# NOTE: this is not quite any of their predefined CRC's
# 8: number of check bits (degree of poly)
# 0x7: representation of poly without high term (x^8+x^2+x+1)
# 0x0: initial fill of register
# True: byte reverse data
# True: byte reverse check
# 0xff: Mask check (i.e. invert)
spotify_crc = crccheck.crc.Crc(8, 0x7, 0x0, True, True, 0xff)
def calc_spotify_crc(bin37):
bytes = bin_to_bytes(bin37, 37)
return int_to_bin(spotify_crc.calc(bytes), 8, 'b')
def check_spotify_crc(bin45):
data = bin_to_bytes(bin45,37)
return spotify_crc.calc(data) == bin_to_bytes(bin45[37:], 8)[0]
# Simple convolutional encoder
def encode_cc(dat):
gen1 = [1,0,1,1,0,1,1]
gen2 = [1,1,1,1,0,0,1]
punct = [1,1,0]
dat_pad = dat[-6:] + dat # 6 bits are needed to initialize
# register for tail-biting
stream1 = np.convolve(dat_pad, gen1, mode='valid') % 2
stream2 = np.convolve(dat_pad, gen2, mode='valid') % 2
enc = [val for pair in zip(stream1, stream2) for val in pair]
return [enc[i] for i in range(len(enc)) if punct[i % 3]]
# To create a generator matrix for a code, we encode each row
# of the identity matrix. Note that the CRC is not quite linear
# because of the check mask so we apply the lamda function to
# invert it. Given a 37 bit media reference we can encode by
# ref * spotify_generator + spotify_mask (mod 2)
_i37 = np.identity(37, dtype=bool)
crc_generator = [_i37[r].tolist() +
list(map(lambda x : 1-x, calc_spotify_crc(_i37[r].tolist())))
for r in range(37)]
spotify_generator = 1*np.array([encode_cc(crc_generator[r]) for r in range(37)], dtype=bool)
del _i37
spotify_mask = 1*np.array(encode_cc(37*[0] + 8*[1]), dtype=bool)
# The following matrix is used to "invert" the convolutional code.
# In particular, we choose a 45 vector basis for the columns of the
# generator matrix (by deleting those in positions equal to 2 mod 4)
# and then inverting the matrix. By selecting the corresponding 45
# elements of the convolutionally encoded vector and multiplying
# on the right by this matrix, we get back to the unencoded data,
# assuming there are no errors.
# Note: numpy does not invert binary matrices, i.e. GF(2), so we
# hard code the following 3 row vectors to generate the matrix.
conv_gen = [[0,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,0,1]+31*[0],
[1,0,1,0,1,0,1,0,0,0,1,1,1] + 32*[0],
[0,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1] + 32*[0] ]
conv_generator_inv = 1*np.array([shift_right(conv_gen[(s-27) % 3],s) for s in range(27,72)], dtype=bool)
# Given an integer media reference, returns list of 20 barcode levels
def spotify_bar_code(ref):
bin37 = np.array([int_to_bin(ref, 37, 'l')], dtype=bool)
enc = (np.add(1*np.dot(bin37, spotify_generator), spotify_mask) % 2).flatten()
perm = [enc[7*i % 60] for i in range(60)]
return [gray_code[4*perm[i]+2*perm[i+1]+perm[i+2]] for i in range(0,len(perm),3)]
# Equivalent function but using CRC and CC encoders.
def spotify_bar_code2(ref):
bin37 = int_to_bin(ref, 37, 'l')
enc_crc = bin37 + calc_spotify_crc(bin37)
enc_cc = encode_cc(enc_crc)
perm = [enc_cc[7*i % 60] for i in range(60)]
return [gray_code[4*perm[i]+2*perm[i+1]+perm[i+2]] for i in range(0,len(perm),3)]
# Given 20 (clean) barcode levels, returns media reference
def spotify_bar_decode(levels):
level_bits = np.array([gray_code_inv[levels[i]] for i in range(20)], dtype=bool).flatten()
conv_bits = [level_bits[43*i % 60] for i in range(60)]
cols = [i for i in range(60) if i % 4 != 2] # columns to invert
conv_bits45 = np.array([conv_bits[c] for c in cols], dtype=bool)
bin45 = (1*np.dot(conv_bits45, conv_generator_inv) % 2).tolist()
if check_spotify_crc(bin45):
return bin_to_int(bin45, 37)
else:
print('Error in levels; Use real decoder!!!')
return -1
And example:
>>> levels = [5,7,4,1,4,6,6,0,2,4,3,4,6,7,5,5,6,0,5,0]
>>> spotify_bar_decode(levels)
57639171874
>>> spotify_barcode(57639171874)
[5, 7, 4, 1, 4, 6, 6, 0, 2, 4, 3, 4, 6, 7, 5, 5, 6, 0, 5, 0]
I am new to Matlab and have been working my way through using Google. But now I have hit the wall it seems.
I have a text file which looks like following:
Information is for illustration reasons only
Aggregated Results
Date;$/Val1;Total $;Exp. Val1;Act. Val1
01-Oct-2008; -5.20; -1717; 330; 323
02-Oct-2008; -1.79; -595; 333; 324
03-Oct-2008; -2.29; -765; 334; 321
04-Oct-2008; -2.74; -917; 335; 317
Total Period; -0.80; -8612; 10748; 10276
Aggregated Results for location State PA
Date;$/Val1;Total $;Exp. Val1;Act. Val1
01-Oct-2008; -5.20; -1717; 330; 323
02-Oct-2008; -1.79; -595; 333; 324
03-Oct-2008; -2.29; -765; 334; 321
Total Period; -0.80; -8612; 10748; 10276
Results for account A1
Date;$/Val1;Total $;Exp. Val1;Act. Val1
01-Oct-2008; -7.59; -372; 49; 51
Total Period; -0.84; -1262; 1502; 1431
Results for account A2
Date;$/MWh;Total $;Exp. MWh;Act. MWh
01-Oct-2008; -8.00; -392; 49; 51
02-Oct-2008; 0.96; 47; 49; 51
03-Oct-2008; -0.75; -37; 50; 48
04-Oct-2008; 1.28; 53; 41; 40
Total Period; -0.36; -534; 1502; 1431
I want to extract following information in a cell/matrix format so that I can use it later to selectively do operations like average of accounts A1 and A2 or average of PA and A1, etc.
PA -0.8
A1 -0.84
A2 -0.036
I'd go this way:
fid = fopen(filename,'r');
A = textscan(fid,'%s','delimiter','\r');
A = A{:};
str_i = 'Total Period';
ix = find(strncmp(A,str_i,length(str_i)));
res = arrayfun(#(i) str2num(A{ix(i)}(length(str_i)+2:end)),1:numel(ix),'UniformOutput',false);
res = cat(2,res{:});
This way you'll get all the numerical values after a string 'Total Period' in a matrix, so that you may pick the values you need.
Similarly you may operate with strings PA, A1 and A2.
Matlab is not that nice when it comes to dealing with messy data. You may want to preprocess it a bit first.
However, here is an easy general way to import mixed numeric and non-numeric data in Matlab for a limited number of normal sized files.
Step 1: Copy the contents of the file into excel and save it as xls or xlsx
Step 2: Use xlsread
[NUM,TXT,RAW]=xlsread('test.xlsx')
From there the parsing should be maneagable.
Hopefully they will add non-numeric support to csvread or dlmread in the future.