I have my Kubernetes cluster and I need to know how long it takes to create a pod? Is there any Kubernetes command show me that ?
Thanks in advance
What you are asking for is not existing.
I think you should first understand the Pod Overview.
A Pod is the basic building block of Kubernetes–the smallest and simplest unit in the Kubernetes object model that you create or deploy. A Pod represents a running process on your cluster.
A Pod encapsulates an application container (or, in some cases, multiple containers), storage resources, a unique network IP, and options that govern how the container(s) should run. A Pod represents a unit of deployment: a single instance of an application in Kubernetes, which might consist of either a single container or a small number of containers that are tightly coupled and that share resources.
While you are deploying a POD it's going through phases
Pending
The Pod has been accepted by the Kubernetes system, but one or more of the Container images has not been created. This includes time before being scheduled as well as time spent downloading images over the network, which could take a while.
Running
The Pod has been bound to a node, and all of the Containers have been created. At least one Container is still running, or is in the process of starting or restarting.
Succeeded
All Containers in the Pod have terminated in success, and will not be restarted.
Failed
All Containers in the Pod have terminated, and at least one Container has terminated in failure. That is, the Container either exited with non-zero status or was terminated by the system.
Unknown
For some reason the state of the Pod could not be obtained, typically due to an error in communicating with the
host of the Pod.
As for Pod Conditions it have a type which can have following values:
PodScheduled: the Pod has been scheduled to a node;
Ready: the Pod is able to serve requests and should be added to the load balancing pools of all matching Services;
Initialized: all init containers have started successfully;
Unschedulable: the scheduler cannot schedule the Pod right now, for example due to lacking of resources or other constraints;
ContainersReady: all containers in the Pod are ready.
Please refer to the documentation regarding Pod Lifecycle for more information.
When you are deploying your POD, you have to consider how many containers will be running in it.
The image will have to be downloaded, depending on the size it might take longer. Also default pull policy is IfNotPresent, which means that Kubernetes will skip the image pull if it already exists.
You can find more about Updating Images can be found here.
You also need to consider how much resources your Master and Node has.
Related
Trying to plan out a deployment for an application and am wondering if it makes sense to have multiple pods in a container vs putting them in separate pods. I expect one of the containers to potentially be operating near its allocated memory limit. My understanding is that this presents the risk of this container getting OOMKilled. If that's the case, would it restart the entire pod (so the other container in the pod is restarted as well) or will it only restart the OOMKilled container?
No, only the specific container.
For the whole pod to be recreated there needs to be a change in the Pod's ownerObject (tipically a Replicaset) or a scheduling decision by kube-scheduler.
I'm following this task Configure Liveness, Readiness and Startup Probes
and it's unclear to me whether a container where the check is made is a container only used to check the availability of a pod? Because it makes sense if pod check container fails therefore api won't let any traffic in to the pod.
So a health check signal must be coming from container where some image or app runs? (sorry, another question)
From the link you provided it seems like they are speaking about Containers and not Pods so the probes are meant to be per containers. When all containers are ready the pod is described as ready too as written in the doc you provided :
The kubelet uses readiness probes to know when a Container is ready to
start accepting traffic. A Pod is considered ready when all of its
Containers are ready. One use of this signal is to control which Pods
are used as backends for Services. When a Pod is not ready, it is
removed from Service load balancers.
So yes, every containers that are running some images or apps are supposed to expose those metrics.
Livenes and readiness probes as described by Ko2r are additional checks inside your containers and verified by kubelet according to the settings fro particular probe:
If the command (defined by health-check) succeeds, it returns 0, and the kubelet considers the Container to be alive and healthy. If the command returns a non-zero value, the kubelet kills the Container and restarts it.
In addition:
The kubelet uses liveness probes to know when to restart a Container. For example, liveness probes could catch a deadlock, where an application is running, but unable to make progress. Restarting a Container in such a state can help to make the application more available despite bugs.
Fro another point of view:
Pod is a top-level resource in the Kubernetes REST API.
As per docs:
Pods are ephemeral. They are not designed to run forever, and when a Pod is terminated it cannot be brought back. In general, Pods do not disappear until they are deleted by a user or by a controller.
Information about controllers can find here:
So the best practise is to use controllers like describe above. You’ll rarely create individual Pods directly in Kubernetes–even singleton Pods. This is because Pods are designed as relatively ephemeral, disposable entities. When a Pod gets created (directly by you, or indirectly by a Controller), it is scheduled to run on a Node in your cluster. The Pod remains on that Node until the process is terminated, the pod object is deleted, the Pod is evicted for lack of resources, or the Node fails.
Note:
Restarting a container in a Pod should not be confused with restarting the Pod. The Pod itself does not run, but is an environment the containers run in and persists until it is deleted
Because Pods represent running processes on nodes in the cluster, it is important to allow those processes to gracefully terminate when they are no longer needed (vs being violently killed with a KILL signal and having no chance to clean up). Users should be able to request deletion and know when processes terminate, but also be able to ensure that deletes eventually complete. When a user requests deletion of a Pod, the system records the intended grace period before the Pod is allowed to be forcefully killed, and a TERM signal is sent to the main process in each container. Once the grace period has expired, the KILL signal is sent to those processes, and the Pod is then deleted from the API server. If the Kubelet or the container manager is restarted while waiting for processes to terminate, the termination will be retried with the full grace period.
The Kubernetes API server validates and configures data for the api objects which include pods, services, replicationcontrollers, and others. The API Server services REST operations and provides the frontend to the cluster’s shared state through which all other components interact.
For example, when you use the Kubernetes API to create a Deployment, you provide a new desired state for the system. The Kubernetes Control Plane records that object creation, and carries out your instructions by starting the required applications and scheduling them to cluster nodes–thus making the cluster’s actual state match the desired state.
Here you can find information about processing pod termination.
There are different probes:
For example for HTTP probe:
even if your app isn’t an HTTP server, you can create a lightweight HTTP server inside your app to respond to the liveness probe.
Command
For command probes, Kubernetes runs a command inside your container. If the command returns with exit code 0 then the container is marked as healthy.
More about probes and best practices.
Hope this help.
I have multiple helm charts creating a single deployment each (usually creating one pod each).
The requirement is to serialise the deployment of pods ie before the second pod can be deployed the first pod needs to be in a running state.
(coz second pod reads values from the first pod). The third pod again should only come up with the second pod is up and running or completed.
I tried using Umbrella helm hooks for this but hooks are evaluated on a chart object level rather than a collection of charts.
I was looking into having a init container that regularly checks the readiness probe (not sure if this can be done) of the first pod before running the second pod? not sure -- ideas, please...
Init Containers
If you don't mind letting your previous services run to completion before running the next ones you can take advantage of the Init Containers feature: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/init-containers/
They run to completion before any app Containers start, whereas app
Containers run in parallel, so Init Containers provide an easy way to
block or delay the startup of app Containers until some set of
preconditions are met.
Behavior
During the startup of a Pod, the Init Containers are started in order,
after the network and volumes are initialized. Each Container must
exit successfully before the next is started. If a Container fails to
start due to the runtime or exits with failure, it is retried
according to the Pod restartPolicy. However, if the Pod restartPolicy
is set to Always, the Init Containers use RestartPolicy OnFailure.
A Pod cannot be Ready until all Init Containers have succeeded. The
ports on an Init Container are not aggregated under a service. A Pod
that is initializing is in the Pending state but should have a
condition Initializing set to true.
If the Pod is restarted, all Init Containers must execute again.
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/init-containers/#detailed-behavior
Caveats
Please review the differences and limitations in the documentation before deciding to use this feature.
ie.
Differences from regular Containers
Init Containers support all the fields and features of app Containers,
including resource limits, volumes, and security settings. However,
the resource requests and limits for an Init Container are handled
slightly differently,
As a leaner of Kubernetes concepts, their working, and deployment with it. I have a couple of cases which I don't know how to achieve. I am looking for advice or some guideline to achieve it.
I am using the Google Cloud Platform. The current running flow is described below. A push to the google source repository triggers Cloud Build which creates a docker image and pushes the image to the running cluster nodes.
Case 1: Now I want that when new pods are up and running. Then traffic is routed to the new pods. Kill old pod but after each pod complete their running request. Zero downtime is what I'm looking to achieve.
Case 2: What will happen if the space of running pod reaches 100 and in the Debian case that the inode count reaches full capacity. Will kubernetes create new pods to manage?
Case 3: How to manage pod to database connection limits?
Like the other answer use Liveness and Readiness probes. Basically, a new pod is added to the service pool then it will only serve traffic after the readiness probe has passed. The old pod is removed from the Service pool, then drained and then terminated. This happens on a rolling fashion one pod at a time.
This really depends on the capacity of your cluster and the ability to schedule pods depending on the limits for the containers in them. For more about setting up limits for containers refer to here. In terms of the inode limit, if you reach it on a node, the kubelet won't be able to run any more pods on that node. The kubelet eviction manager also has a mechanism in where evicts some pods using the most inodes. You can also configure your eviction thresholds on the kubelet.
This would be more a limitation at the OS level combined your stateful application configuration. You can keep this configuration in a ConfigMap. And for example in something for MySql the option would be max_connections.
I can answer case 1 since Ive done it myself.
Use Deployments with readinessProbes & livelinessProbes
How does Kubernetes create Pods?
I.e. what are the sequential steps involved in creating a Pod, is it implemented in Kubernetes?
Any code reference in Kubernetes repo would also be helpful.
A Pod is described in a definition file, and ran as a set of Docker containers on a given host which is part of the Kubernetes cluster, much like docker-compose does, but with several differences.
Precisely, a Pod always contains multiple Docker containers, even though, only the containers defined by the user are usually visible through the API: A Pod has one container that is a placeholder generated by the Kubernetes API, that will hold the IP for the Pod (so that when a Pod is restarted, it's actually the client containers that are restarted, but the placeholder container remains and keeps the same IP, unlike in straight Docker or docker-compose, where recreating a composition or container changes the IP.)
How Pods are scheduled, created, started, restarted if needed, re-scheduled etc... it a much longer story and very broad question.