The following code:
$tmp1 = $_;
print "tmp1 is $tmp1";
$tmp1_hex = hex($tmp1);
print "tmp1_hex is $tmp1_hex\n";
$Lat_tmp1 = ($tmp1_hex >> 8) &0x00ff;
prints:
tmp1 is 0018
tmp1_hex is 24
The text file I'm reading the data from contains the string 0018, but when I convert it to the hex value I shouldn't be receiving 24.
If you want to convert to hex rather than from hex, use sprintf:
my $tmp1_hex = sprintf '%x', $tmp1;
The hex function merely interprets the string as a number in hexadecimal form. Beyond that, it's just a number and its original representation doesn't matter.
When you print a number, Perl uses its internal format (%g) to show it. That's a normal, decimal float.
If you want to output the number as something other than Perl's internal format, use printf and the appropriate specifier:
printf '%x', $number;
You probably want something like:
my $tmp1 = '0018';
print "tmp1 is $tmp1\n";
my $tmp1_hex = hex( $tmp1 );
printf "tmp1_hex is %x\n", $tmp1_hex;
Note that the bitwise operators don't need you to convert the number to any particular base. The number is the same number no matter how you display it.
The function hex() converts from hex to decimal. Try something like this instead
$tmp=$_;
$tmp1_hex=sprintf("%X",$tmp);
Related
I am new to Perl and I have difficulties using the different types.
I am trying to get an hexadecimal register, transform it to binary, use it a string and get substrings from the binary string.
I have done a few searches and what I tried is :
my $hex = 0xFA1F;
print "$hex\n";
result was "64031" . First surprise : can't I print the hex value in Perl and not just the decimal value ?
$hex = hex($hex);
print "$hex\n";
Result was 409649. Second surprise : I would expect the result to be also 64031 since "hex" converts hexadecimal to decimal.
my $bin = printf("%b", $hex);
It prints the binary value. Is there a way to transform the hex to bin without printing it ?
Thanks,
SLP
Decimal, binary, and hexadecimal are all text representations of a number (i.e. ways of writing a number). Computers can't deal with these as numbers.
my $num = 0xFA1F; stores the specified number (sixty-four thousand and thirty-one) into $num. It's stored in a format the hardware understands, but that's not very important. What's important is that it's stored as a number, not text.
When print is asked to print a number, it prints it out in decimal (or scientific notation if large/small enough). It has no idea how the number of created (from a hex constant? from addition? etc), so it can't determine how to output the number based on that.
To print an number as hex, you can use
my $hex = 'FA1F'; # $hex contains the hex representation of the number.
print $hex; # Prints the hex representation of the number.
or
my $num = 0xFA1F; # $num contains the number.
printf "%X", $num; # Prints the hex representation of the number.
You are assigning a integer value using hexadecimal format. print by default prints numbers in decimal format, so you are getting 64031.
You can verify this using the printf() by giving different formats.
$ perl -e ' my $num = 0xFA1F; printf("%d %X %b\n", ($num) x 3 ) '
64031 FA1F 1111101000011111
$ perl -e ' my $num = 64031; printf("%d %X %b\n", ($num) x 3 ) '
64031 FA1F 1111101000011111
$ perl -e ' my $num = 0b1111101000011111; printf("%d %X %b\n", ($num) x 3 ) '
64031 FA1F 1111101000011111
$
To get the binary format of 0xFA1F in string, you can use sprintf()
$ perl -e ' my $hex = 0xFA1F; my $bin=sprintf("%b",$hex) ; print "$bin\n" '
1111101000011111
$
lets take each bit of confusion in order
my $hex = 0xFA1F;
This stores a hex constant in $hex, but Perl doesn't have a hex data type so although you can write hex constants, and binary and octal constants for that matter, Perl converts them all to decimal. Note that there is a big difference between
my $hex = 0xFA1F;
and
my $hex = '0xFA1F';
The first stores a number into $hex, which when you print it out you get a decimal number, the second stores a string which when printed out will give 0xFAF1 but can be passed to the hex() function to be converted to decimal.
$hex = hex($hex);
The hex function converts a string as if it was a hex number and returns the decimal value and, as up to this point, $hex has only ever been used as a number Perl will first stringify $hex then pass the string to the hex() function to convert that value from hex to decimal.
So to the solution. You are almost there with printf(),there is a function called sprintf() which takes the same parameters as printf() but instead of printing the formatted value returns it as a string. So what you need is.
my $hex = 0xFA1F;
my $bin = sprintf("%b", $hex);
print $bin;
Technical note:
Yes I know that Perl stores all its numbers internally as binary, but lets not go there for this answer, OK?
If you're ok with using a distribution, I wrote Bit::Manip to make my prototyping a bit easier when dealing with registers (There's also a Pure Perl version available if you have problems compiling the XS code).
Not only can it fetch out bits from a number, it can toggle, clear, set etc:
use warnings;
use strict;
use Bit::Manip qw(:all);
my $register = 0xFA1F;
# fetch the bits from register using msb, lsb
my $msbyte = bit_get($register, 15, 8);
print "value: $msbyte\n";
print "bin: " . bit_bin($msbyte) . "\n";
# or simply:
# printf "bin: %b\n", $msbyte;
Output:
value: 250
bin: 11111010
Here's a blog post I wrote that shows how to use some of the software's functionality with an example datasheet register.
I have an array of hex numbers that I'd like to convert to binary numbers, the problem is, in my code it removes the leading 0's for things like 0,1,2,3. I need these leading 0's to process in a future section of my code. Is there an easy way to convert Hex to Binary and keep my leading 0's in perl?
use strict;
use warnings;
my #binary;
my #hex = ('ABCD', '0132', '2211');
foreach my $h(#hex){
my $bin = sprintf( "%b", hex($h));
push #binary, $bin;
}
foreach (#binary){
print "$_\n";
}
running the code gives me
1010101111001101
100110010
10001000010001
Edit: Found a similar answer using pack and unpack, replaced
sprint( "%b", hex($h));
with
unpack( 'B*', pack('H*' ($h))
You can specify the width of the output in sprintf or printf by putting the number between the % and the format character like this.
printf "%16b\n",hex("0132");
and by preceding the number with 0, make it pad the result with 0s like this
printf "%016b\n",hex("0132");
the latter giving the result of
0000000100110010
But this is all covered in the documentation for those functions.
This solution uses the length of the hex repesentation to determine the length of the binary representation:
for my $num_hex (#nums_hex) {
my $num = hex($num_hex);
my $num_bin = sprintf('%0*b', length($num_hex)*4, $num);
...
}
I am fresher in writing scripts so need some help.
so the issue is in one of my script i am doing a bitwise AND operation but i am getting wrong data.
elaborating on this:
$value have a hex value 0xffffffc0.
And i have done some grepping and i have hex value stored in $pattern.
so i need to do and operation of $value & $pattern but getting wrong data, because whatever the $value i am passing its getting converted into decimal value.
$value = hex '0xffffffc0' ;
print $value;
$pattern = 0x35040 ; ####this value will be from the grepping####
$pattern1 = $pattern & 0xfffffffc;
print "$pattern1\n";
i am seeing O/P: 35008
You can specify hexadecimal numbers like $hex_number = 0xaf56, hex converts a string having hexadecimal text into the equivalent number, i.e. $hex_number == hex 'af56'. Numbers are represented in binary inside a computer and they will behave properly with any bit-wise operation you do on them.
It is only when you print a number that you need to be careful about how you want it formatted. By default numbers are printed in decimal, you can print in hexadecimal using the %x format specifier with printf.
Read a file that contains an address and a data, like below:
#0, 12345678
#1, 5a5a5a5a
...
My aim is to read the address and the data. Consider the data I read is in hex format, and then I need to unpack them to binary number.
So 12345678 would become 00010010001101000101011001111000
Then, I need to further unpack the transferred binary number to another level.
So it becomes, 00000000000000010000000000010000000000000001000100000001000000000000000100000001000000010001000000000001000100010001000000000000
They way I did is like below
while(<STDIN>) {
if (/\#(\S+)\s+(\S+)/) {
$addr = $1;
$data = $2;
$mem{$addr} = ${data};
}
}
foreach $key (sort {$a <=> $b} (keys %mem)) {
my $str = unpack ('B*', pack ('H*',$mem{$key}));
my $str2 = unpack ('B*', pack ('H*', $str));
printf ("#%x ", $key);
printf ("%s",$str2);
printf ("\n");
}
It works, however, my next step is to do some numeric operation on the transferred bits.
Such as bitwise or and shifting. I tried << and | operator, both are for numbers, not strings. So I don't know how to solve this.
Please leave your comments if you have better ideas. Thanks.
You can employ Bit::Vector module from metaCPAN
use strict;
use warnings;
use Bit::Vector;
my $str = "1111000011011001010101000111001100010000001111001010101000111010001011";
printf "orig str: %72s\n", $str;
#only 72 bits for better view
my $vec = Bit::Vector->new_Bin(72,$str);
printf "vec : %72s\n", $vec->to_Bin();
$vec->Move_Left(2);
printf "left 2 : %72s\n", $vec->to_Bin();
$vec->Move_Right(4);
printf "right 4 : %72s\n", $vec->to_Bin();
prints:
orig str: 1111000011011001010101000111001100010000001111001010101000111010001011
vec : 001111000011011001010101000111001100010000001111001010101000111010001011
left 2 : 111100001101100101010100011100110001000000111100101010100011101000101100
right 4 : 000011110000110110010101010001110011000100000011110010101010001110100010
If you need do some math with arbitrary precision, you can also use Math::BigInt or use bigint (http://perldoc.perl.org/bigint.html)
Hex and binary are text representation of numbers. Shifting and bit manipulations are numerical operations. You want a number, not text.
my $hex = '5a5a5a5a';
$num = hex($hex); # Convert to number.
$num >>= 1; # Manipulate the number.
$hex = sprintf('%08X', $num); # Convert back to hex.
In a comment, you mention you want to deal with 256 bit numbers. The native numbers don't support that, but you can use Math::BigInt.
My final solution of this is forget about treat them as numbers, just treat them as string . I use substring and string concentration instead of shift. Then for the or operation , I just add each bit of the string, if it's 0 the result is 0, else is 1.
It may not be the best way to solve this problem. But that's the way I finally used.
I've been trying to figure out the unpack function in Perl and can't quite figure out the whole thing.
What I have:
A string and a 16-bit hex checksum
(e.g. "this is my string", "0671")
I need to check that "this is my string" equals the checksum '0671'.
So I know unpack("%16W*", $string) will give me the 16-bit decimal value, but I need the hex representation. I know this is an easy one so please forgive my ignorance.
As you said, unpack("%16W*", $string) gives you an integer. To convert an integer to hex, use sprintf:
my $string = "this is my string";
my $expected = '0671';
my $checksum = sprintf('%04x', unpack("%16W*", $string));
print "match\n" if $checksum eq $expected;
If you want upper-case hex digits, use %X instead of %x (or %04X in this case).
Or, you could go the other way and convert your hex checksum to an integer using hex:
my $string = "this is my string";
my $expected = '0671';
my $checksum = unpack("%16W*", $string);
print "match\n" if $checksum == hex $expected; # now using numeric equality
Try unpack("b*',$string).
See the pack man page for syntax.