I am attempting to create a gamma distribution in MATLAB; however, I keep receiving the error:
Index in Position 1 exceeds array bounds (must not exceed 100).
Assuming I am reading this correctly, it is referring to variable M that is simply = 2500 (the number of pseudo-random variables I am using for this project).
I was hoping someone can explain what is wrong with my logic and possibly a solution.
alpha = 0.5;
w = gamma_rdn(M,alpha);
x1 = (0.0001:0.001:1); % For plot
figure(5)
subplot(2,1,1);hist(w);title('Histogram of Gamma RDN');
subplot(2,1,2);plot(x1,pdf('gam',x1,alpha,1));title('Theoretical Gamma Density with \alpha = 0.5');
axis([0 1 0 100]);
% The gamma_rdn function is implemented as follows:
function[w] = gamma_rdn(M,alpha)
% Generate random numbers from the gamma distribution with parameter
% alpha <= 1, beta = 1
pe = exp(1);
w = zeros(M,1);
u = rand(100,1);
b = (alpha + pe)/pe;
i = 0;
j = 0;
while j < M
i = i+1;
y = b*u(i,1);
if y <= 1
z = y^(1/alpha);
i = i+1;
if u(i,1) <= exp(-z)
j = j+1;
w(j,1) = z;
else
i = i+1;
end
else
z = -log((b-y)/alpha);
i = i+1;
if u(i,1) <= z^(alpha - 1)
j = j+1;
w(j,1) = z;
else
i = i+1;
end
end
end
if i > 95
u = rand(100,1);
i = 0;
end
end
Is there a particular reason you chose u = rand(100,1)?
The problem is coming because in while loop, as soon as variable i exceeds 100 (say i=101), y = b*u(i,1) becomes invalid. That is, you are trying to access u(101,1) while the size of u is (100,1).
If there's not particular reason, try a large enough size, like, u = rand(10000,1).
Related
I am trying to implement the following loop inside of matlab
The difficulty I am having is implementing the sum sign such that I get the correct values. The first row of my X matrix is correct but the second row is not and I cant figure out why.
J = [200 100 300];
k = [3e6 2e6 4e6];
n = 3;
points = 300;
for j = 1:points
w(j)=j;
end
x = zeros(n+1,points);
x(1,:)=1;
for j = 1:points
sumJx = 0;
for i = 2:n+1
sumJx = sum(J(1:i-1)*x(1:i-1,j));
x(i,j) = x(i-1) - (w(j)^2 / k(i-1)) * sumJx;
end
end
f_omega = x(n+1,:);
plot(w,f_omega);
ylim([-40 3])
I am programming a simple perceptron in matlab but it is not converging and I can't figure out why.
The goal is to binary classify 2D points.
%P1 Generate a dataset of two-dimensional points, and choose a random line in
%the plane as your target function f, where one side of the line maps to +1 and
%the other side to -1. Let the inputs xn 2 R2 be random points in the plane,
%and evaluate the target function f on each xn to get the corresponding output
%yn = f(xn).
clear all;
clc
clear
n = 20;
inputSize = 2; %number of inputs
dataset = generateRandom2DPointsDataset(n)';
[f , m , b] = targetFunction();
signs = classify(dataset,m,b);
weights=ones(1,2)*0.1;
threshold = 0;
fprintf('weights before:%d,%d\n',weights);
mistakes = 1;
numIterations = 0;
figure;
plotpv(dataset',(signs+1)/2);%mapping signs from -1:1 to 0:1 in order to use plotpv
hold on;
line(f(1,:),f(2,:));
pause(1)
while true
mistakes = 0;
for i = 1:n
if dataset(i,:)*weights' > threshold
result = 1;
else
result = -1;
end
error = signs(i) - result;
if error ~= 0
mistakes = mistakes + 1;
for j = 1:inputSize
weights(j) = weights(j) + error*dataset(i,j);
end
end
numIterations = numIterations + 1
end
if mistakes == 0
break
end
end
fprintf('weights after:%d,%d\n',weights);
random points and signs are fine since plotpv is working well
The code is based on that http://es.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/32949-a-perceptron-learns-to-perform-a-binary-nand-function?focused=5200056&tab=function.
When I pause the infinite loop, this is the status of my vairables:
I am not able to see why it is not converging.
Additional code( it is fine, just to avoid answers asking for that )
function [f,m,b] = targetFunction()
f = rand(2,2);
f(1,1) = 0;
f(1,2) = 1;
m = (f(2,2) - f(2,1));
b = f(2,1);
end
function dataset = generateRandom2DPointsDataset(n)
dataset = rand(2,n);
end
function values = classify(dataset,m,b)
for i=1:size(dataset,1)
y = m*dataset(i,1) + b;
if dataset(i,2) >= y, values(i) = 1;
else values(i) = -1;
end
end
end
For my studies I had to write a PDE solver for the Poisson equation on a disc shaped domain using the finite difference method.
I already passed the Lab exercise. There is one issue in my code I couldn't fix. Function fun1 with the boundary value problem gun2 is somehow oscillating at the boundary. When I use fun2 everything seems fine...
Both functions use at the boundary gun2. What is the problem?
function z = fun1(x,y)
r = sqrt(x.^2+y.^2);
z = zeros(size(x));
if( r < 0.25)
z = -10^8*exp(1./(r.^2-1/16));
end
end
function z = fun2(x,y)
z = 100*sin(2*pi*x).*sin(2*pi*y);
end
function z = gun2(x,y)
z = x.^2+y.^2;
end
function [u,A] = poisson2(funame,guname,M)
if nargin < 3
M = 50;
end
%Mesh Grid Generation
h = 2/(M + 1);
x = -1:h:1;
y = -1:h:1;
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y);
CI = ((X.^2 +Y.^2) < 1);
%Boundary Elements
Sum= zeros(size(CI));
%Sum over the neighbours
for i = -1:1
Sum = Sum + circshift(CI,[i,0]) + circshift(CI,[0,i]) ;
end
%if sum of neighbours larger 3 -> inner note!
CI = (Sum > 3);
%else boundary
CB = (Sum < 3 & Sum ~= 0);
Sum= zeros(size(CI));
%Sum over the boundary neighbour nodes....
for i = -1:1
Sum = Sum + circshift(CB,[i,0]) + circshift(CB,[0,i]);
end
%If the sum is equal 2 -> Diagonal boundary
CB = CB + (Sum == 2 & CB == 0 & CI == 0);
%Converting X Y to polar coordinates
Phi = atan(Y./X);
%Converting Phi R back to cartesian coordinates, only at the boundarys
for j = 1:M+2
for i = 1:M+2
if (CB(i,j)~=0)
if j > (M+2)/2
sig = 1;
else
sig = -1;
end
X(i,j) = sig*1*cos(Phi(i,j));
Y(i,j) = sig*1*sin(Phi(i,j));
end
end
end
%Numberize the internal notes u1,u2,......,un
CI = CI.*reshape(cumsum(CI(:)),size(CI));
%Number of internal notes
Ni = nnz(CI);
f = zeros(Ni,1);
k = 1;
A = spalloc(Ni,Ni,5*Ni);
%Create matix A!
for j=2:M+1
for i =2:M+1
if(CI(i,j) ~= 0)
hN = h;hS = h; hW = h; hE = h;
f(k) = fun(X(i,j),Y(i,j));
if(CB(i+1,j) ~= 0)
hN = abs(1-sqrt(X(i,j)^2+Y(i,j)^2));
f(k) = f(k) + gun(X(i,j),Y(i+1,j))*2/(hN^2+hN*h);
A(k,CI(i-1,j)) = -2/(h^2+h*hN);
else
if(CB(i-1,j) ~= 0) %in negative y is a boundry
hS = abs(1-sqrt(X(i,j)^2+Y(i,j)^2));
f(k) = f(k) + gun(X(i,j),Y(i-1,j))*2/(hS^2+h*hS);
A(k,CI(i+1,j)) = -2/(h^2+h*hS);
else
A(k,CI(i-1,j)) = -1/h^2;
A(k,CI(i+1,j)) = -1/h^2;
end
end
if(CB(i,j+1) ~= 0)
hE = abs(1-sqrt(X(i,j)^2+Y(i,j)^2));
f(k) = f(k) + gun(X(i,j+1),Y(i,j))*2/(hE^2+hE*h);
A(k,CI(i,j-1)) = -2/(h^2+h*hE);
else
if(CB(i,j-1) ~= 0)
hW = abs(1-sqrt(X(i,j)^2+Y(i,j)^2));
f(k) = f(k) + gun(X(i,j-1),Y(i,j))*2/(hW^2+h*hW);
A(k,CI(i,j+1)) = -2/(h^2+h*hW);
else
A(k,CI(i,j-1)) = -1/h^2;
A(k,CI(i,j+1)) = -1/h^2;
end
end
A(k,k) = (2/(hE*hW)+2/(hN*hS));
k = k + 1;
end
end
end
%Solve linear system
u = A\f;
U = zeros(M+2,M+2);
p = 1;
%re-arange u
for j = 1:M+2
for i = 1:M+2
if ( CI(i,j) ~= 0)
U(i,j) = u(p);
p = p+1;
else
if ( CB(i,j) ~= 0)
U(i,j) = gun(X(i,j),Y(i,j));
else
U(i,j) = NaN;
end
end
end
end
surf(X,Y,U);
end
I'm keeping this answer short for now, but may extend when the question contains more info.
My first guess is that what you are seeing is just numerical errors. Looking at the scales of the two graphs, the peaks in the first graph are relatively small compared to the signal in the second graph. Maybe there is a similar issue in the second that is just not visible because the signal is much bigger. You could try to increase the number of nodes and observe what happens with the result.
You should always expect to see numerical errors in such simulations. It's only a matter of trying to get their magnitude as small as possible (or as small as needed).
I'm trying to build make a code where an equation is not calculated for some certain values. I have a meshgrid with several values for x and y and I want to include a for loop that will calculate some values for most of the points in the meshgrid but I'm trying to include in that loop a condition that if the points have a specified index, the value will not be calculated. In my second group of for/if loops, I want to say that for all values of i and k (row and column), the value for z and phi are calculated with the exception of the specified i and k values (in the if loop). What I'm doing at the moment is not working...
The error I'm getting is:
The expression to the left of the equals sign is not a valid target for an assignment.
Here is my code at the moment. I'd really appreciate any advice on this! Thanks in advance
U_i = 20;
a = 4;
c = -a*5;
b = a*10;
d = -20;
e = 20;
n = a*10;
[x,y] = meshgrid([c:(b-c)/n:b],[d:(e-d)/n:e]');
for i = 1:length(x)
for k = 1:length(x)
% Zeroing values where cylinder is
if sqrt(x(i,k).^2 + y(i,k).^2) < a
x(i,k) = 0;
y(i,k) = 0;
end
end
end
r = sqrt(x.^2 + y.^2);
theta = atan2(y,x);
z = zeros(length(x));
phi = zeros(length(x));
for i = 1:length(x)
for k = 1:length(x)
if (i > 16 && i < 24 && k > 16 && k <= length(x))
z = 0;
phi = 0;
else
z = U_i.*r.*(1-a^2./r.^2).*sin(theta); % Stream function
phi = U_i*r.*(1+a^2./r.^2).*cos(theta); % Velocity potential
end
end
end
The original code in the question can be rewritten as seen below. Pay attention in the line with ind(17:24,:) since your edit now excludes 24 and you original question included 24.
U_i = 20;
a = 4;
c = -a*5;
b = a*10;
d = -20;
e = 20;
n = a*10;
[x,y] = meshgrid([c:(b-c)/n:b],[d:(e-d)/n:e]');
ind = find(sqrt(x.^2 + y.^2) < a);
x(ind) = 0;
y(ind) = 0;
r = sqrt(x.^2 + y.^2);
theta = atan2(y,x);
ind = true(size(x));
ind(17:24,17:length(x)) = false;
z = zeros(size(x));
phi = zeros(size(x));
z(ind) = U_i.*r(ind).*(1-a^2./r(ind).^2).*sin(theta(ind)); % Stream function
phi(ind) = U_i.*r(ind).*(1+a^2./r(ind).^2).*cos(theta(ind)); % Velocity potential
I'm writing a script for an aerodynamics class and I'm getting the following error:
Undefined function or variable 'dCt_dx'.
Error in Project2_Iteration (line 81)
Ct = trapz(x,dCt_dx)
I'm not sure what the cause is. It's something to do with my if statement. My script is below:
clear all
clc
global dr a n Vinf Vr w rho k x c cl dr B R beta t
%Environmental Parameters
n = 2400; %rpm
Vinf = 154; %KTAS
rho = 0.07647 * (.7429/.9450); %from mattingly for 8kft
a = 1084; %speed of sound, ft/s, 8000 ft
n = n/60; %convert to rps
w = 2*pi*n;
Vinf = (Vinf*6076.12)/3600; %convert from KTAS to ft/s
k = length(c);
dr = R/k; %length of each blade element
for i = 1:k
r(i) = i*dr - (.5*dr); %radius at center of blade element
dA = 2*pi*r*dr; %Planform area of blade element
x(i) = r(i)/R;
if x(i) > .15 && x(i-1) < .15
i_15 = i;
end
if x(i) > .75 && x(i-1) < .75
i_75h = i;
i_75l = i-1;
end
Vr(i) = w*r(i) + Vinf;
%Aerodynamic Parameters
M = Vr(i)/a;
if M > 0.9
M = 0.9;
end
m0 = 0.9*(2*pi/(1-M^2)^0.5); %lift-curve slope (2pi/rad)
%1: Calculate phi
phi = atan(Vinf/(2*pi*n*r(i)));
%2: Choose Vo
Vo = .00175*Vinf;
%3: Calculate Theta
theta = atan((Vinf + Vo)/(2*pi*n*r(i)))-phi;
%4:
if option == 1
%calculate cl(i) from c(i)
sigma = (B*c(i))/(pi*R);
if sigma > 0
cl(i) = (8*x(i)*theta*cos(phi)*tan(phi+theta))/sigma;
else
cl(i) = 0;
end
else %option == 2
%calculate c(i) from cl(i)
if cl(i) ~= 0
sigma = (8*x(i)*theta*cos(phi)*tan(phi+theta))/cl(i);
else
sigma = 0;
end
c(i) = (sigma*pi*R)/B;
if c(i) < 0
c(i) = 0;
end
end
%5: Calculate cd
cd(i) = 0.0090 + 0.0055*(cl(i)-0.1)^2;
%6: calculate alpha
alpha = cl(i)/m0;
%7: calculate beta
beta(i) = phi + alpha + theta;
%8: calculate dCt/dx and dCq/dx
phi0 = phi+theta;
lambda_t = (1/(cos(phi)^2))*(cl(i)*cos(phi0) - cd(i)*sin(phi0));
lambda_q = (1/(cos(phi)^2))*(cl(i)*sin(phi0) + cd(i)*cos(phi0));
if x(i) >= 0.15
dCt_dx(i) = ((pi^3)*(x(i)^2)*sigma*lambda_t)/8; %Roskam eq. 7.47, pg. 280
dCq_dx(i) = ((pi^3)*(x(i)^3)*sigma*lambda_q)/16; %Roskam eq. 7.48, pg 280
else
dCt_dx(i) = 0;
dCq_dx(i) = 0;
end
%calculate Mdd
t(i) = (0.04/(x(i)^1.2))*c(i);
Mdd(i) = 0.94 - (t(i)/c(i)) - cl(i)/10;
end
%9: calculate Ct, Cq, Cd
Ct = trapz(x,dCt_dx)
Cq = trapz(x,dCq_dx)
D = 2*R;
Q=(rho*(n^2)*(D^5)*Cq)
T=(rho*(n^2)*(D^4)*Ct)
When I step through your script, I see that the the entire for i = 1:k loop is skipped because k=0. You set k = length(c), but c was never initialized to a value, so it has length zero.
Because of this, dCt_dx is never given a value--and more importantly the majority of your script is never run.
If you're going to be using MATLAB in the future, I really suggest learning how to do this. It makes it a lot easier to find bugs. Try looking at this video.