https://dart.dev/guides/language/language-tour#implicit-interfaces
I've seen code that uses "implements", so I'm looking into "implements".
But I can't really tell the difference from extends by looking at the official docs.
Looking at the sample code in the official documentation (page above), it looks like it is just doing what it can do with extends with implements.
Then I wonder if it should use "extends".
I think I've understood about inheritance (extends) and mixins (with) so far.
The word "interface" is also mentioned in the Dart documentation, but there is a clear definition of "interface".
I can't even find where it is.
I don't have much knowledge about interfaces in other languages, so it's hard to get an image.
What exactly is the difference between inheritance and implementation?
Because of the difference, when do you use the inheritance "extends" and when do you use the implementation "implements"?
Is there somewhere in the sample that makes a clear difference?
Given class MyClass:
MyClass extends Foo is classic inheritance. MyClass is a Foo
MyClass implements Bar is declaring that the implementer conforms to the Bar interface. MyClass "looks" like a Bar
MyClass with Batz is "mixing" in the interface and implementation. MyClass "acts" like a Batz.
MyClass can implement and mixin as many interfaces as needed (some limitations apply) but can only extend from one interface.
Besides other explanations, dart does not let developers to use multiple inheritance so there can be only one extends, however there can be more than one implements.
Therefore a class can be subtype of only one class(except parents of parent class) but interfaces defines behaviour of the class which implements it and one class can have different behaviours.
A simple analogy is from animals. If we assume there is different behaviours for animals like swimming interface as ISwimmer, running interface as IRunner and flying interface as IFlyer. For example a Fish class is an Animal. Which makes it extends Animal class. Additionally a Fish has behaviour of swimming so it implements ISwimmer interface in that purpose.
If you just want to understand how they are different concept-wise then,
You extend a class. Think of it as you extended your father or your father is your base class.
You implement an interface(which is just a purely abstract class). Like Ferrari implements a car.
An interface cannot have an instance. For example - Have you seen any CAR? The answer is no, you have seen types of car i.e, Ford, Toyota which implements the CAR so the car acts as an interface which other companies or you can say, classes(Ferrari) implements.
You have to implement every feature of a car to be called a car that's why every method of an interface needs to be implemented and we say x "implements" y.
In extending you can override something and skip another , suppose your nose may look like your father but your ears do not.
Think of an interface as a skeleton or just an empty class.
Related
Hey I have being looking a lot and watching a lot of videos about inheritance.
There is just this concept of abstract classes which means that it cant be implemented.
I get that you cant use a abstract class on a gameobject but what is the force of using a abstract class?
Also can abstract method only be implemented in a abstract class, and why cant you implement the method in a abstract class but only override it?
I also read something about a abstract method taking a component<T> and I havent found out what the purpase of that was hope some of you clever minds can help a confused programmer :D
Abstract classes are used to model a shared "master class" which will never be used itself but derived classes of it will use that data/functions.
For example say your inheritance is
Animal
Bird Mammal Reptile
In your game, you will only ever use a Bird/Mammal/Reptile since those are concrete models of animals, But they all will share at least some common amount of code. Health, Hunger, and may provide some abstract functions such as Move() which will be implemented on a per subclass level.
From an engineering standpoint, this let's you do fancy things such as create an array/vector of type Animal which can contain birds, mammals, and reptiles.
So say we have a vector of type Animal with 1 of each subclass.
We can then do
foreach (Animal a in animals)
a.Move(100)
Birds/Mammals/Reptiles all move differently, but because we have that abstract function with no implementation at the base level, our code can guarantee that at some point in the inheritance tree it is implemented.
Other popular examples are an abstract class of Item and the abstract function item.Use(); Item could be a Potion, a Scroll, an apple (class Food). It doesn't matter because they all share that same base level interface.
I think reading Microsoft's article on Abstract Classes and Methods would be extremely helpful. You utilize abstract classes by providing base functionality to a class and inheriting from it.
You're also confusing some wording with implement and override: you implement an abstract method by overriding it.
Component<T> means that the class Component with the type parameter as something you define. This is defined in C# as Generics. You utilize these with base Unity3D classes like Component<GameObject> or GetComponent<GameObject>.
I writing a small Snake game in Lazarus, and Lazarus complains when I write
type
ISegment = interface(IRenderable, IMover)
end;
When I'm trying to achieve is to make ISegment a combined interface, but it doesn't seem to work. Does Lazarus not support multiple interface inheritance?
There is no multiple inheritance supported in the language. A class cannot be derived from multiple base classes. An interface cannot be derived from multiple base interfaces.
What you can do however, is have a class that implements multiple interfaces. Like this:
type
TMyClass = class(TInterfacedObject, IFoo, IBar)
....
end;
It does, you just need a better reading skill to understand this (look at the syntax diagram, in the heritage part). class type identifier is not stated as optional, but implemented interface does. It's roughly read as:
"A class may extend a base class and implements as many interfaces as possible. When an interface is about to be implemented, the base class must also be specified. The other way around does not apply, you can perfectly have a class extends a base class without specifying any interface"
The answer is no, Pascal is not supposed to support multiple inheritance so I don't see why it should do a different thing for interfaces then
As explained in previous answer, you still can implement several interfaces in a class
With reference to UML diagrams, what is an interface? and can someone explain in more simpler words. I cant understand anything from googling it.
An interface is like a template design for a class that contains no data or implemetnation; only definitions for methods, properties etc. These are abstract and cannot be instantiated but can be inherited from at which point all specified methods etc must be implemented by the concrete class inheriting the interface.
An interface is a design item describing a behaviour.
Classes implementing the interface will/must behave according to its definition.
Interfaces are used to promote loose coupling and the base of many IoC patterns (Inversion of Control)
A Interface is just a description of a class nothing concrete.
You use it to create a new class "with the same description" without knowing the concrete implementation.
In one word: it's a contract. Every class that implements this contract (interface) will have to implement the methods defined on it.
I have a clue about Object Oriented Programming:
I need to have a parent class HandlerException which needs to define the sign of three methods (MethodA, MethodB, MethodC).
Then, I have a child class BusinessHandler which inherits from HandlerException and defines ONLY the MethodA of its parent class.
Then, I have a child class DataHandler which inherits from HandlerException and defines ONLY MethodC of its parent class.
Then, I have a class named CustomerDAO which inherits from DataHandler and consumes the MethodC written on its parent class. (consumes it like: DataHandler.MethodC).
As you can see, its a typical object oriented programming problem; I need to have some static methods (MethodC) to access it directly without any instance of the class. The parent class HandlerException could be abstract? and its 3 methods (A, B and C) could be ???? (that's my question, how is the RIGHT way to write this parent class: abstract with abstract members, or virtual, or maybe an interface?)
I hope you got the idea of my question and that I made myself clear. Thanks in advance.
I forgot: I'm using C#, and to mention: MethodB would be implemented on the next release of the app.
Depends on the language you are using, but it sounds like the HandlerException class would be abstract and all three methods would be virtual.
If the HandlerException class has absolutely no implementation whatsoever (only defines those three methods) then it would probably make sense to make it an interface rather than an abstract class.
Also, where is MethodB implemented? If it isn't implemented by any of those classes, then all the classes would need to be abstract.
Whenever I create an abstract class I tend to create an interface to go along with it and have other code refer to the interface and not the abstract class. Usually when I don't create an interface to start with I regret it (such as having to override all implimented methods to stub the class for unit testing or later down the line new classes don't need any of the implimentation and override everything also finding themselves unable to extend any other class).
At first I tried to distinguish when to use an interface and when to use an abstract class by considering is-a vs able-to but I still would end up suffering later down the line for not making an interface to start with.
So the question is when is it a good idea to only have an abstract class and no interface at all?
When you wish to "give" some base class functionality to derived classes but when this functionality is not sufficient to instantiate a usable class, then go for abstract classes.
When you wish that some classes completely implement a set of methods (a public contract), then it is a convenient to define such contract with interfaces and enforce them onto classes by making them inherit this interface.
In short:
With abstract classes you give some common base functionality to derived classes. No further actions are necessary unless abstract class has some stubs (which have to be implemented down there).
With interfaces you require derived classes to implement a set of functions and you do not pass along any implementation.
So the question is when is it a good idea to only have an abstract class and no interface at all?
When you do not wish to enforce any public contract (a set of methods/properties defined by an interface).
Also when you do not plan to use certain coding techniques like casting object to an interface type (run-time polymorphism) or limit allowed input (some method argument will only accept object of types which implement certain interfaces).
Well, the main case it is useful to have only an abstract class without any interface is to mark a certain type. It is useful to be able to check if an object "is-a" something. These interface "mark" an objet to be of a certain type. Depending on the language you use, different design patterns apply ...
These sort of abstract classes exist in java. You can also use them in C++ with RTTI.
my2c