is there an easy way to change an equidistant frequency axis to an equidistant wavelength axis
when spectrum is given in the form spec = {ndarray: (101, fiveormoredigits)}?
Range of Spectrum:
#spectral extend in THz
v_min = (fd.frequency_0 - fd.freq_intervall / 2.0) * 1e-12
v_max = (fd.frequency_0 + fd.freq_intervall / 2.0) * 1e-12
Draw the Spectrum
fig2 = plt.figure()
bx2 = fig2.add_subplot(122)
bx2.imshow(spec,aspect='auto',interpolation='bicubic',cmap='jet',vmin=spec_max-db_range,vmax=spec_max,origin='lower',extent=[l_min,l_max,0,fd.distance])
bx2.set_xlabel('Frequenz (THz)', fontsize=20)
bx2.set_ylabel('Propagation (m)', fontsize=20)
fig2.suptitle('PM 980 XP/HP: 5cm,200nJ', fontsize=25)
matplotlib.pyplot.xticks(fontsize=15)
matplotlib.pyplot.yticks(fontsize=15)
plt.show()`
Result with code above
#spectral extend in THz
l_min = 3e8/(fd.frequency_0 - fd.freq_intervall / 2.0) * 1e9
l_max = 3e8/(fd.frequency_0 + fd.freq_intervall / 2.0) * 1e9
Result with changed extend
Problem is, that axis is equidistant but center wavelength is not correct.
With this solution for every plot axis needs to be shifted.
fig2 = plt.figure()
bx2 = fig2.add_subplot(122)
bx2.imshow(spec,aspect='auto',interpolation='bicubic',cmap='jet',vmin=spec_max-db_range,vmax=spec_max,origin='lower',extent=[l_min,l_max,0,fd.distance])
bx2.set_xlabel('Frequenz (THz)', fontsize=20)
bx2.set_ylabel('Propagation (m)', fontsize=20)
fig2.suptitle('PM 980 XP/HP: 5cm,200nJ', fontsize=25)
x_label_list = ['800','900', '1035', '1200', '1300', '1400']
bx2.set_xticks([375, 333, 289, 250,230, 214])
bx2.set_xticklabels(x_label_list)
matplotlib.pyplot.xticks(fontsize=15)
matplotlib.pyplot.yticks(fontsize=15)
plt.show()`
Result with ticks replaced
Problem is, that on one hand central wavelength is correct but axis is not equidistant.
Additional. I tryed to interpolate:
Variable: spec = {ndarray:(101, 32768)}
X = np.linspace(0, 100, 101)
Y = np.linspace(3e8/v_max, 3e8/v_min, np.size(spec, 1))
x,y = np.meshgrid(X,Y)
spec_new = interpolate.interp2d(x,y, spec, kind='linear')
So basically spec consist out of 101 rows which represent the frame and 32768 columns. Each column contains an energy value. I tryed to interpolate energy on new equidistant axis but error occurs:
raise OverflowError(msg)
OverflowError: Too many data points to interpolate
I tryed to re-scale energy and interpolate on new equidistant axis but error occurs:
spec_new = interpolate.interp2d(x,y, spec/(X*X), kind='linear')
ValueError: operands could not be broadcast together with shapes (101,8192) (8192,101)
I try to interpolate stepwise but this does not work:
x = np.linspace(3e8/v_max, 3e8/v_min, np.size(spec, 1))
scale = x*x
s = 0
n = 100
for i in range(1, n):
spec[i,:] = interpolate.interp1d(x, spec[i,:]*scale, 'linear')
print(spec);
Error occurs. Why?
spec[i,:] = interpolate.interp1d(x, spec[i,:], 'linear')
TypeError: float() argument must be a string or a number, not 'interp1d'
And why is this not possible?:
for i in range(1, n):
spec_neu[i,:] = interpolate.interp1d(x, spec[i,:]*scale, 'linear')
print(spec_neu);
spec_neu[i,:] = interpolate.interp1d(x, spec[i,:]*scale, 'linear')
NameError: name 'spec_neu' is not defined
Related
lesion image
I have an irregularly shaped object in which I have to find the greatest and smallest diameter.
To find the greatest diameter, I extracted the boundary points and found the distances between all the points. I took the maximum distance amongst those distances which gave me my greatest diameter.
boundaries = bwboundaries(binaryImage);
numberOfBoundaries = size(boundaries, 1);
for blobIndex = 1 : numberOfBoundaries
thisBoundary = boundaries{blobIndex};
x = thisBoundary(:, 2); % x = columns.
y = thisBoundary(:, 1); % y = rows.
% Find which two boundary points are farthest from each other.
maxDistance = -inf;
for k = 1 : length(x)
distances = sqrt( (x(k) - x) .^ 2 + (y(k) - y) .^ 2 );
[thisMaxDistance, indexOfMaxDistance] = max(distances);
if thisMaxDistance > maxDistance
maxDistance = thisMaxDistance;
index1 = k;
index2 = indexOfMaxDistance;
end
end
I have attached my image containing the longest diameter.
I also need a line segment that passes through the centroid connecting the two boundary points whose length is shortest. When I try to find the shortest diameter by modifying the above code, to find min(distances), I am getting an error that says:
Error using griddedInterpolant
The coordinates of the input points must be finite values; Inf and NaN are not permitted.
What do I need to do to find the shortest "diameter" (that is, passing through the centroid) of this object?
it's possible to use a polar image like this:
lesion = imread('lesion.jpg');
bw = lesion > 100;
c = regionprops(bw,'Centroid');
c = c.Centroid;
% polar args
t = linspace(0,2*pi,361);
t(end) = [];
r = 0:ceil(sqrt(numel(bw)/4));
[tg,rg] = meshgrid(t,r);
[xg,yg] = pol2cart(tg,rg);
xoff = xg + c(1);
yoff = yg + c(2);
% polar image
pbw = interp2(double(bw),xoff,yoff,'nearest') == 1;
[~,radlen] = min(pbw,[],1);
radlen(radlen == 1) = max(r);
n = numel(radlen);
% add two edges of line to form diameter
diamlen = radlen(1:n/2) + radlen(n/2+1:n);
% find min diameter
[mindiam,tminidx1] = min(diamlen);
tmin = t(tminidx1);
rmin = radlen(tminidx1);
tminidx2 = tminidx1 + n/2;
xx = [xoff(radlen(tminidx1),tminidx1) xoff(radlen(tminidx2),tminidx2)];
yy = [yoff(radlen(tminidx1),tminidx1) yoff(radlen(tminidx2),tminidx2)];
% viz
figure;
subplot(121);
imshow(pbw);
title('polar image');
subplot(122);
imshow(bw);
hold on
plot(c(1),c(2),'or')
plot(xx,yy,'g')
legend('centroid','shortest diameter');
and the output is:
I need to evaluate a function (say)
Fxy = 2*x.^2 +3 *y.^2;
on a ternary grid x-range (0 - 1), y-range (0-1) and 1-x-y (0 - 1).
I am unable to construct the ternary grid on which I need to evaluate the above function. Also, once evaluated I need to plot the function in a ternary contour plot. Ideally, I need the axes to go counter clockwise in the sense (x -> y--> (1-x-y)).
I have tried the function
function tg = triangle_grid ( n, t )
ng = ( ( n + 1 ) * ( n + 2 ) ) / 2;
tg = zeros ( 2, ng );
p = 0;
for i = 0 : n
for j = 0 : n - i
k = n - i - j;
p = p + 1;
tg(1:2,p) = ( i * t(1:2,1) + j * t(1:2,2) + k * t(1:2,3) ) / n;
end
end
return
end
for the number of sub intervals between the triangle edge coordinates
n = 10 (say)
and for the edge coordinates of an equilateral triangle
t = tcoord = [0.0, 0.5, 1.0;
0.0, 1.0*sqrt(3)/2, 0.0];
This generated a triangular grid with the x-axis from 0-1 but the other two are not from 0-1.
I need something like this:
... with the axes range 0-1 (0-100 would also do).
In addition, I need to know the coordinate points for all intersections within the triangular grid. Once I have this I can proceed to evaluate the function in this grid.
My final aim is to get something like this. This is a better representation of what I need to achieve (as compared to the previous plot which I have now removed)
Note that the two ternary plots have iso-value contours which are different in in magnitude. In my case the difference is an order of magnitude, two very different Fxy's.
If I can plot the two ternary plots on top of each other then and evaluate the compositions at the intersection of two iso-value contours on the ternary plane. The compositions should be as read from the ternary plot and not the rectangular grid on which triangle is defined.
Currently there are issues (as highlighted in the comments section, will update this once the problem is closer to solution).
I am the author of ternplot. As you have correctly surmised, ternpcolor does not do what you want, as it is built to grid data automatically. In retrospect, this was not a particularly wise decision, I've made a note to change the design. In the mean time this code should do what you want:
EDIT: I've changed the code to find the intersection of two curves rather than just one.
N = 10;
x = linspace(0, 1, N);
y = x;
% The grid intersections on your diagram are actually rectangularly arranged,
% so meshgrid will build the intersections for us
[xx, yy] = meshgrid(x, y);
zz = 1 - (xx + yy);
% now that we've got the intersections, we can evaluate the function
f1 = #(x, y) 2*x.^2 + 3*y.^2 + 0.1;
Fxy1 = f1(xx, yy);
Fxy1(xx + yy > 1) = nan;
f2 = #(x, y) 3*x.^2 + 2*y.^2;
Fxy2 = f2(xx, yy);
Fxy2(xx + yy > 1) = nan;
f3 = #(x, y) (3*x.^2 + 2*y.^2) * 1000; % different order of magnitude
Fxy3 = f3(xx, yy);
Fxy3(xx + yy > 1) = nan;
subplot(1, 2, 1)
% This constructs the ternary axes
ternaxes(5);
% These are the coordinates of the compositions mapped to plot coordinates
[xg, yg] = terncoords(xx, yy);
% simpletri constructs the correct triangles
tri = simpletri(N);
hold on
% and now we can plot
trisurf(tri, xg, yg, Fxy1);
trisurf(tri, xg, yg, Fxy2);
hold off
view([137.5, 30]);
subplot(1, 2, 2);
ternaxes(5)
% Here we plot the line of intersection of the two functions
contour(xg, yg, Fxy1 - Fxy2, [0 0], 'r')
axis equal
EDIT 2: If you want to find the point of intersection between two contours, you are effectively solving two simultaneous equations. This bit of extra code will solve that for you (notice I've used some anonymous functions in the code above now, as well):
f1level = 1;
f3level = 1000;
intersection = fsolve(#(v) [f1(v(1), v(2)) - f1level; f3(v(1), v(2)) - f3level], [0.5, 0.4]);
% if you don't have the optimization toolbox, this command works almost as well
intersection = fminsearch(#(v) sum([f1(v(1), v(2)) - f1level; f3(v(1), v(2)) - f3level].^2), [0.5, 0.4]);
ternaxes(5)
hold on
contour(xg, yg, Fxy1, [f1level f1level]);
contour(xg, yg, Fxy3, [f3level f3level]);
ternplot(intersection(1), intersection(2), 1 - sum(intersection), 'r.');
hold off
I have played a bit with the file exchange submission https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/2299-alchemyst-ternplot.
if you just do this:
[x,y]=meshgrid(0:0.1:1);
Fxy = 2*x.^2 +3 *y.^2;
ternpcolor(x(:),y(:),Fxy(:))
You get:
The thirds axis is created exactly as you say (1-x-y) inside the ternpcolor function. There are lots of things to "tune" here but I hope it is enough to get you started.
Here is a solution using R and my package ggtern. I have also included the points within proximity underneath, for the purpose of comparison.
library(ggtern)
Fxy = function(x,y){ 2*x^2 + 3*y^2 }
x = y = seq(0,1,length.out = 100)
df = expand.grid(x=x,y=y);
df$z = 1 - df$x - df$y
df = subset(df,z >= 0)
df$value = Fxy(df$x,df$y)
#The Intended Breaks
breaks = pretty(df$value,n=10)
#Create subset of the data, within close proximity to the breaks
df.sub = ldply(breaks,function(b,proximity = 0.02){
s = b - abs(proximity)/2; f = b + abs(proximity)/2
subset(df,value >= s & value <= f)
})
#Plot the ternary diagram
ggtern(df,aes(x,y,z)) +
theme_bw() +
geom_point(data=df.sub,alpha=0.5,color='red',shape=21) +
geom_interpolate_tern(aes(value = value,color=..level..), size = 1, n = 200,
breaks = c(breaks,max(df$value) - 0.01,min(df$value) + 0.01),
base = 'identity',
formula = value ~ poly(x,y,degree=2)) +
labs(title = "Contour Plot on Modelled Surface", x = "Left",y="Top",z="Right")
Which produces the following:
I'm trying to normalize an image, I applied the formula to do so, however I encounter a weird arithmetic operation problem in doing so.
This is my code:
IM3=imread('mdb022.pgm');
i = IM3(:,:,1);
rtemp = min(i); % find the min. value of pixels in all the columns (row vector)
rmin=min(rtemp) % find the min. value of pixel in the image
rtemp = max(i); % find the max. value of pixels in all the columns (row vector)
rmax=max(rtemp) % find the max. value of pixel in the image
a=255;
b=rmax-rmin
m=a/b % find the slope of line joining point (0,255) to (rmin,rmax)
c = 255 - m*rmax; % find the intercept of the straight line with the axis
i_new = m*i + c; % transform the image according to new slope
On the command window:
>> contrast_stretching_1
rmin =
0
rmax =
221
b =
221
m =
1
For the step m=a/b, the division should be 255 divided by 221, which is equal to 1.1538...., but why does matlab shows 1?
Can somebody enlighten me on this and help me solve this issue?
Thanks!
Change your image to double (or single)
IM3 = imread('mdb022.pgm');
I = double(IM3(:,:,1));
rmin = min(I(:));
rmax = max(I(:));
m = 255.0 ./ (rmax - rmin);
I_new = m.*(I - rmax) + 255.0;
% I_new = uint8(I_new); if you want the image as uint8
I have to use matlab to find the convolution over the range 0 <= n <= 20.
x[n] = δ[n] + δ[n-2] and h[n] = 2*(3^n)u[n]
I have tried to do this and i was met with a "X is not the same length as Y" when trying to plot it and have tried to correct it. Could someone let me know if this is correct?
n = [0:20];
x =[1 0 1];
h= 2*3.^n;
y = conv(x,h);
ysize = size(y,2)
z = [0:(ysize-1)];
ysize = size (y,2);
p = stem(z ,y ,'r' ,'filled');
set (p, 'LineWidth', 2, 'MarkerSize', 4);
title ('y[n] = x[n] * h[n]');
xlabel ('n');
ylabel ('y[n]');
I have tested your code. And it is giving the following output (no error of size) Code is perfect.
I calculated the convolution online that results the same. Your code is perfect.
How would one go plotting a plane in matlab or matplotlib from a normal vector and a point?
For all the copy/pasters out there, here is similar code for Python using matplotlib:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
point = np.array([1, 2, 3])
normal = np.array([1, 1, 2])
# a plane is a*x+b*y+c*z+d=0
# [a,b,c] is the normal. Thus, we have to calculate
# d and we're set
d = -point.dot(normal)
# create x,y
xx, yy = np.meshgrid(range(10), range(10))
# calculate corresponding z
z = (-normal[0] * xx - normal[1] * yy - d) * 1. /normal[2]
# plot the surface
plt3d = plt.figure().gca(projection='3d')
plt3d.plot_surface(xx, yy, z)
plt.show()
For Matlab:
point = [1,2,3];
normal = [1,1,2];
%# a plane is a*x+b*y+c*z+d=0
%# [a,b,c] is the normal. Thus, we have to calculate
%# d and we're set
d = -point*normal'; %'# dot product for less typing
%# create x,y
[xx,yy]=ndgrid(1:10,1:10);
%# calculate corresponding z
z = (-normal(1)*xx - normal(2)*yy - d)/normal(3);
%# plot the surface
figure
surf(xx,yy,z)
Note: this solution only works as long as normal(3) is not 0. If the plane is parallel to the z-axis, you can rotate the dimensions to keep the same approach:
z = (-normal(3)*xx - normal(1)*yy - d)/normal(2); %% assuming normal(3)==0 and normal(2)~=0
%% plot the surface
figure
surf(xx,yy,z)
%% label the axis to avoid confusion
xlabel('z')
ylabel('x')
zlabel('y')
For copy-pasters wanting a gradient on the surface:
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib import cm
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
point = np.array([1, 2, 3])
normal = np.array([1, 1, 2])
# a plane is a*x+b*y+c*z+d=0
# [a,b,c] is the normal. Thus, we have to calculate
# d and we're set
d = -point.dot(normal)
# create x,y
xx, yy = np.meshgrid(range(10), range(10))
# calculate corresponding z
z = (-normal[0] * xx - normal[1] * yy - d) * 1. / normal[2]
# plot the surface
plt3d = plt.figure().gca(projection='3d')
Gx, Gy = np.gradient(xx * yy) # gradients with respect to x and y
G = (Gx ** 2 + Gy ** 2) ** .5 # gradient magnitude
N = G / G.max() # normalize 0..1
plt3d.plot_surface(xx, yy, z, rstride=1, cstride=1,
facecolors=cm.jet(N),
linewidth=0, antialiased=False, shade=False
)
plt.show()
The above answers are good enough. One thing to mention is, they are using the same method that calculate the z value for given (x,y). The draw back comes that they meshgrid the plane and the plane in space may vary (only keeping its projection the same). For example, you cannot get a square in 3D space (but a distorted one).
To avoid this, there is a different way by using the rotation. If you first generate data in x-y plane (can be any shape), then rotate it by equal amount ([0 0 1] to your vector) , then you will get what you want. Simply run below code for your reference.
point = [1,2,3];
normal = [1,2,2];
t=(0:10:360)';
circle0=[cosd(t) sind(t) zeros(length(t),1)];
r=vrrotvec2mat(vrrotvec([0 0 1],normal));
circle=circle0*r'+repmat(point,length(circle0),1);
patch(circle(:,1),circle(:,2),circle(:,3),.5);
axis square; grid on;
%add line
line=[point;point+normr(normal)]
hold on;plot3(line(:,1),line(:,2),line(:,3),'LineWidth',5)
It get a circle in 3D:
A cleaner Python example that also works for tricky $z,y,z$ situations,
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d
from matplotlib.patches import Circle, PathPatch
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.transforms import Affine2D
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import art3d
import numpy as np
def plot_vector(fig, orig, v, color='blue'):
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
orig = np.array(orig); v=np.array(v)
ax.quiver(orig[0], orig[1], orig[2], v[0], v[1], v[2],color=color)
ax.set_xlim(0,10);ax.set_ylim(0,10);ax.set_zlim(0,10)
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
return fig
def rotation_matrix(d):
sin_angle = np.linalg.norm(d)
if sin_angle == 0:return np.identity(3)
d /= sin_angle
eye = np.eye(3)
ddt = np.outer(d, d)
skew = np.array([[ 0, d[2], -d[1]],
[-d[2], 0, d[0]],
[d[1], -d[0], 0]], dtype=np.float64)
M = ddt + np.sqrt(1 - sin_angle**2) * (eye - ddt) + sin_angle * skew
return M
def pathpatch_2d_to_3d(pathpatch, z, normal):
if type(normal) is str: #Translate strings to normal vectors
index = "xyz".index(normal)
normal = np.roll((1.0,0,0), index)
normal /= np.linalg.norm(normal) #Make sure the vector is normalised
path = pathpatch.get_path() #Get the path and the associated transform
trans = pathpatch.get_patch_transform()
path = trans.transform_path(path) #Apply the transform
pathpatch.__class__ = art3d.PathPatch3D #Change the class
pathpatch._code3d = path.codes #Copy the codes
pathpatch._facecolor3d = pathpatch.get_facecolor #Get the face color
verts = path.vertices #Get the vertices in 2D
d = np.cross(normal, (0, 0, 1)) #Obtain the rotation vector
M = rotation_matrix(d) #Get the rotation matrix
pathpatch._segment3d = np.array([np.dot(M, (x, y, 0)) + (0, 0, z) for x, y in verts])
def pathpatch_translate(pathpatch, delta):
pathpatch._segment3d += delta
def plot_plane(ax, point, normal, size=10, color='y'):
p = Circle((0, 0), size, facecolor = color, alpha = .2)
ax.add_patch(p)
pathpatch_2d_to_3d(p, z=0, normal=normal)
pathpatch_translate(p, (point[0], point[1], point[2]))
o = np.array([5,5,5])
v = np.array([3,3,3])
n = [0.5, 0.5, 0.5]
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d')
plot_plane(ax, o, n, size=3)
ax.set_xlim(0,10);ax.set_ylim(0,10);ax.set_zlim(0,10)
plt.show()