Following is the structure of my project.
|-- apps
| |-- user
| | |-- models.py
| |-- post
| | |-- models.py
|-- db
| | |-- database.py
Here is database.py
TORTOISE_ORM = {
"connections": {"default": f"mysql://user:password#127.0.0.1:3306/blog"},
"apps": {
"models": {
"models": ["apps.user.models", "apps.post.models", "aerich.models"],
"default_connection": "default",
},
}
}
In post/models.py, I need to define a user field which has a ForeignKeyField in user/models.py
class Article(MyAbstractBaseModel):
author = fields.ForeignKeyField(model_name="user.models", related_name='article')
As I am doing the migration by
1. aerich init -t db.database.TORTOISE_ORM
2. aerich init-db
It gives me an error
tortoise.exceptions.ConfigurationError: No app with name 'user' registered.
Anyone knows how can I fix this? Thanks in advance.
Related
I am using Openstack - Stein in CentOS 7.9
I was using python to collect data about the openstack nova performance, like server names and id in the openstack project, i have 3 instance(server) created, i can see all three instance in openstack cli, but when i connect to api mentioned in openstack, it provides no data or less data.
I refereed openstack documentation here
[root#centos-vm1 kavin(keystone_admin)]# openstack server list
+--------------------------------------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------+-------+----------+
| ID | Name | Status | Networks | Image | Flavor |
+--------------------------------------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------+-------+----------+
| 08cf6226-0303-4b4c-ba53-10af79b81dae | test_instance_3 | ACTIVE | test_networ_3=10.150.0.8 | | m1.tiny |
| 9986f205-82b3-4cbb-bcdc-fb32eab97c83 | test_instance_1 | ACTIVE | test_networ_2=10.100.0.5, x.x.x.x | | m1.small |
| d1c0f520-8540-432c-8fe1-554390fd79bf | test_instance_2 | ACTIVE | test_networ_1=10.50.0.8 | | m1.small |
+--------------------------------------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------+-------+----------+
My python code:
import requests,json
from six.moves.urllib.parse import urljoin
identity = {
"methods": ["password"],
"password": {
"user": {
"name": "admin",
"domain": { "id": "default" },
"password": "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx"
}
}
}
OS_AUTH_URL = 'http://x.x.x.x:5000/v3'
data = {'auth': {'identity': identity}}
HEADERS = {'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'scope': 'unscoped'}
r = requests.post(
OS_AUTH_URL+'/auth/tokens',
headers = HEADERS,
json = data,
verify = False
)
auth_token = r.headers['X-Subject-Token'] # i got auth token
# server list
NOVA_URL="http://x.x.x.x:8774/v2.1"
HEADERS = {"X-Auth-Token" : str(auth_token)}
r = requests.get(
NOVA_URL+'/servers',
headers = HEADERS,
)
r.raise_for_status()
print(r.json())
Output :
{'servers': []}
help me, collect accurate data using api calls, thanks
According to api-ref List Servers doc, maybe you should add the project scope in the request.
By default the servers are filtered using the project ID associated with the authenticated request.
In my opinion, you could use openstacksdk to execute the operation, simply with the Connection object and list_servers method.
import openstack
conn = openstack.connect(
region_name='example-region',
auth_url='http://x.x.x.x:5000/v3/',
username='amazing-user',
password='super-secret-password',
project_id='33...b5',
domain_id='05...03'
)
servers = conn.list_servers()
Running cdk deploy I receive the following error message:
CREATE_FAILED | AWS::ImageBuilder::InfrastructureConfiguration | TestInfrastructureConfiguration The value supplied for parameter 'instanceProfileName' is not valid. The provided instance profile does not exist. Please specify a different instance profile and try again. (Service: Imagebuilder, Status Code: 400, Request ID: 41f431d7-8544-48e9-9faf-a870b83b0100, Extended Request ID: null)
The C# code looks like this:
var instanceProfile = new CfnInstanceProfile(this, "TestInstanceProfile", new CfnInstanceProfileProps {
InstanceProfileName = "test-instance-profile",
Roles = new string[] { "TestServiceRoleForImageBuilder" }
});
var infrastructureConfiguration = new CfnInfrastructureConfiguration(this, "TestInfrastructureConfiguration", new CfnInfrastructureConfigurationProps {
Name = "test-infrastructure-configuration",
InstanceProfileName = instanceProfile.InstanceProfileName,
InstanceTypes = new string[] { "t2.medium" },
Logging = new CfnInfrastructureConfiguration.LoggingProperty {
S3Logs = new CfnInfrastructureConfiguration.S3LogsProperty {
S3BucketName = "s3-test-assets",
S3KeyPrefix = "ImageBuilder/Logs"
}
},
SubnetId = "subnet-12f3456f",
SecurityGroupIds = new string[] { "sg-12b3e4e5b67f8900f" }
});
The TestServiceRoleForImageBuilder exists and was working previously. Same code was running successfully about a month ago. Any suggestions?
If I remove the CfninfrastructureConfiguration creation part, deployment runs successfully:, but takes at least 2 minutes to complete.
AwsImageBuilderStack: deploying...
AwsImageBuilderStack: creating CloudFormation changeset...
0/3 | 14:24:37 | REVIEW_IN_PROGRESS | AWS::CloudFormation::Stack | AwsImageBuilderStack User Initiated
0/3 | 14:24:43 | CREATE_IN_PROGRESS | AWS::CloudFormation::Stack | AwsImageBuilderStack User Initiated
0/3 | 14:24:47 | CREATE_IN_PROGRESS | AWS::CDK::Metadata | CDKMetadata/Default (CDKMetadata)
0/3 | 14:24:47 | CREATE_IN_PROGRESS | AWS::IAM::InstanceProfile | TestInstanceProfile
0/3 | 14:24:47 | CREATE_IN_PROGRESS | AWS::IAM::InstanceProfile | TestInstanceProfile Resource creation Initiated
1/3 | 14:24:48 | CREATE_IN_PROGRESS | AWS::CDK::Metadata | CDKMetadata/Default (CDKMetadata) Resource creation Initiated
1/3 | 14:24:48 | CREATE_COMPLETE | AWS::CDK::Metadata | CDKMetadata/Default (CDKMetadata)
1/3 Currently in progress: AwsImageBuilderStack, TestInstanceProfile
3/3 | 14:26:48 | CREATE_COMPLETE | AWS::IAM::InstanceProfile | TestInstanceProfile
3/3 | 14:26:49 | CREATE_COMPLETE | AWS::CloudFormation::Stack | AwsImageBuilderStack
Is it probably some race condition? Should I use multiple stacks to achieve my goal?
Should it be possible to use a wait condition (AWS::CloudFormation::WaitCondition) to bypass the 2 minutes of creation time in case it is intended (AWS::IAM::InstanceProfile resources always take exactly 2 minutes to create)?
Environment
CDK CLI Version: 1.73.0
Node.js Version: 14.13.0
OS: Windows 10
Language (Version): C# (.NET Core 3.1)
Update
Since the cause seems to be AWS internal, I used a pre-created instance profile as a workaround. The profile can be either created through IAM Management Console or CLI. However it would be nice to have a proper solution.
You have to create a dependency between the two constructs. CDK does not infer it when using the optional name parameter, as opposed to the logical id (which doesn't seem to work in this situation).
infrastructureConfiguration.node.addDependency(instanceProfile)
Here are the relevant docs: https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cdk/api/latest/docs/core-readme.html#construct-dependencies
I have a project with this structure:
src
|- index.pug
| - layout
| |- index.less
| - scripts
| |- index.js
For now, when I run parcel build src/index.pug, all the files are bundled and I've got this on the distribution folder:
dist
|- index.html
|- index.12345.css
|- index.12345.js
When I was expected something like:
ist
|- index.html
|- layout
| |- index.12345.css
|- scripts
| |- index.12345.js
So, my question is: Can I specify the output path for my CSS, js, and images using ParcelJS?
Unfortunately, this isn't supported out-of-the box by parcel. Parcel v1 you can use this plugin. For parcel v2, it is possible to write a namer plugin that accomplishes this.
Here's the code (in typescript):
import { Namer } from "#parcel/plugin";
import type { Bundle } from "#parcel/types";
import path from "path";
export default new Namer({
name({ bundle }) {
switch (bundle.type) {
case "js":
return getPathWithFolder("scripts", bundle);
case "less":
return getPathWithFolder("layout", bundle);
case "css":
return getPathWithFolder("layout", bundle);
default:
return null;
}
},
});
function getPathWithFolder(folderName: string, bundle: Bundle): string | null {
const filePath = bundle.getMainEntry()?.filePath;
if (!filePath) return null;
let nameWithoutExtension = path.basename(filePath, path.extname(filePath));
if (!bundle.needsStableName) {
// See: https://parceljs.org/plugin-system/namer/#content-hashing
nameWithoutExtension += "." + bundle.hashReference;
}
return `${folderName}/${nameWithoutExtension}.${bundle.type}`;
}
Then, supposing the above code was published in a package called parcel-namer-folders, you would add it to your parcel pipeline with this .parcelrc:
{
"extends": "#parcel/config-default",
"namers": ["parcel-namer-folders", "..."]
}
Here is an example repo where this is working.
I have Orion, Cygnus and STH-Comet(installed and configured in formal mode). Each component is in a container docker. I implemented the infrastructure with docker-compose.yml.
The Cygnus container is configured as follows:
image: fiware/cygnus-ngsi:latest
hostname: cygnus
container_name: cygnus
volumes:
- /home/ubuntu/cygnus/multisink_agent.conf:/opt/fiware-cygnus/docker/cygnus-ngsi/multisink_agent.conf
depends_on:
- mongo
networks:
- default
expose:
- "5050"
- "5080"
ports:
- "5050:5050"
- "5080:5080"
environment:
- CYGNUS_SERVICE_PORT=5050
- CYGNUS_MONITORING_TYPE=http
- CYGNUS_AGENT_NAME=cygnus-ngsi
- CYGNUS_MONGO_SERVICE_PORT=5050
- CYGNUS_MONGO_HOSTS=mongo:27017
- CYGNUS_MONGO_USER=
- CYGNUS_MONGO_PASS=
- CYGNUS_MONGO_ENABLE_ENCODING=false
- CYGNUS_MONGO_ENABLE_GROUPING=false
- CYGNUS_MONGO_ENABLE_NAME_MAPPINGS=false
- CYGNUS_MONGO_DATA_MODEL=dm-by-entity
- CYGNUS_MONGO_ATTR_PERSISTENCE=column
- CYGNUS_MONGO_DB_PREFIX=sth_
- CYGNUS_MONGO_COLLECTION_PREFIX=sth_
- CYGNUS_MONGO_ENABLE_LOWERCASE=false
- CYGNUS_MONGO_BATCH_TIMEOUT=30
- CYGNUS_MONGO_BATCH_TTL=10
- CYGNUS_MONGO_DATA_EXPIRATION=0
- CYGNUS_MONGO_COLLECTIONS_SIZE=0
- CYGNUS_MONGO_MAX_DOCUMENTS=0
- CYGNUS_MONGO_BATCH_SIZE=1
- CYGNUS_LOG_LEVEL=DEBUG
- CYGNUS_SKIP_CONF_GENERATION=false
- CYGNUS_STH_ENABLE_ENCODING=false
- CYGNUS_STH_ENABLE_GROUPING=false
- CYGNUS_STH_ENABLE_NAME_MAPPINGS=false
- CYGNUS_STH_DB_PREFIX=sth_
- CYGNUS_STH_COLLECTION_PREFIX=sth_
- CYGNUS_STH_DATA_MODEL=dm-by-entity
- CYGNUS_STH_ENABLE_LOWERCASE=false
- CYGNUS_STH_BATCH_TIMEOUT=30
- CYGNUS_STH_BATCH_TTL=10
- CYGNUS_STH_DATA_EXPIRATION=0
- CYGNUS_STH_BATCH_SIZE=1
Obs: In the multisink_agent.conf file I changed the service and the servicepath:
cygnus-ngsi.sources.http-source-mongo.handler.default_service = tese
cygnus-ngsi.sources.http-source-mongo.handler.default_service_path = /iot
And the STH-Comet container looks like this:
image: fiware/sth-comet:latest
hostname: sth
container_name: sth
depends_on:
- cygnus
- mongo
networks:
- default
expose:
- "8666"
ports:
- "8666:8666"
environment:
- STH_HOST=0.0.0.0
- STH_PORT=8666
- DB_URI=mongo:27017
- DB_USERNAME=
- DB_PASSWORD=
- LOGOPS_LEVEL=DEBUG
In the STH-Comet config.js file I enabled CORS and I changed the defaultService and the defaultServicePath. The file looks like this:
var config = {};
// STH server configuration
//--------------------------
config.server = {
host: 'localhost',
port: '8666',
// Default value: "testservice".
defaultService: 'tese',
// Default value: "/testservicepath".
defaultServicePath: '/iot',
filterOutEmpty: 'true',
aggregationBy: ['day', 'hour', 'minute'],
temporalDir: 'temp',
maxPageSize: '100'
};
// Cors Configuration
config.cors = {
// The enabled is use to set CORS policy
enabled: 'true',
options: {
origin: ['*'],
headers: [
'Access-Control-Allow-Origin',
'Access-Control-Allow-Headers',
'Access-Control-Request-Headers',
'Origin, Referer, User-Agent'
],
additionalHeaders: ['fiware-servicepath', 'fiware-service'],
credentials: 'true'
}
};
// Database configuration
//------------------------
config.database = {
dataModel: 'collection-per-entity',
user: '',
password: '',
authSource: '',
URI: 'localhost:27017',
replicaSet: '',
prefix: 'sth_',
collectionPrefix: 'sth_',
poolSize: '5',
writeConcern: '1',
shouldStore: 'both',
truncation: {
expireAfterSeconds: '0',
size: '0',
max: '0'
},
ignoreBlankSpaces: 'true',
nameMapping: {
enabled: 'false',
configFile: './name-mapping.json'
},
nameEncoding: 'false'
};
// Logging configuration
//------------------------
config.logging = {
level: 'debug',
format: 'pipe',
proofOfLifeInterval: '60',
processedRequestLogStatisticsInterval: '60'
};
module.exports = config;
I use Cygnus to persist historical data. STH-Comet is used only to query raw and aggregated data.
Cygnus' signature on Orion did this:
"description": "A subscription All Entities",
"subject": {
"entities": [
{
"idPattern": ".*"
}
],
"condition": {
"attrs": []
}
},
"notification": {
"http": {
"url": "http://cygnus:5050/notify"
},
"attrs": [],
"attrsFormat":"legacy"
},
"expires": "2040-01-01T14:00:00.00Z",
"throttling": 5
}
The headers used for fiware-service and fiware-servicepath are:
Fiware-service: tese
Fiware-servicepath: /iot
The entities data are stored in orion-tese. I have the collection: entities
{
"_id" : {
"id" : "Tank1",
"type" : "Tank",
"servicePath" : "/iot"
},
"attrNames" : [
"temperature"
],
"attrs" : {
"temperature" : {
"value" : 0.333,
"type" : "Float",
"mdNames" : [ ],
"creDate" : 1594334464,
"modDate" : 1594337770
}
},
"creDate" : 1594334464,
"modDate" : 1594337771,
"lastCorrelator" : "f86d0d74-c23c-11ea-9c82-0242ac1c0005"
}
The raw and aggregated data are stored in sth_tese.
I have the collections:
sth_/iot_Tank1_Tank.aggr
and
sth_/iot_Tank1_Tank
The sth_/iot_Tank1_Tank raw data is in mongoDB:
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5f079d0369591c06b0fc981a"),
"temperature" : 279,
"recvTime" : ISODate("2020-07-09T22:41:05.670Z")
}
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5f07a9eb69591c06b0fc981b"),
"temperature" : 0.333,
"recvTime" : ISODate("2020-07-09T23:36:11.160Z")
}
When I run: http://localhost:8666/STH/v1/contextEntities/type/Tank/id/Tank1/attributes/temperature?aggrMethod=sum&aggrPeriod=minute
or
http://localhost:8666/STH/v2/entities/Tank1/attrs/temperature?type=Tank&aggrMethod=sum&aggrPeriod=minute
I have the result: "sum": 279 and "sum": 0.333. I can recover ALL the aggregated data, max, min, sum, sum2.
The difficulty is with the STH-Comet when I try to retrieve the raw data, the return code is 200 and the value returns empty.
I've tried with APIs v1 and v2, to no avail.
request with v2:
http://sth:8666/STH/v2/entities/Tank1/attrs/temperature?type=Tank&lastN=10
Return
{
"type": "StructuredValue",
"value": []
}
request with v1:
http://sth:8666/STH/v1/contextEntities/type/Tank/id/Tank1/attributes/temperature?lastN=10
Return
{
"contextResponses": [{
"contextElement": {
"attributes": [{
"name": "temperature",
"values": []
}],
"id": "Tank1",
"isPattern": false,
"type": "Tank"
},
"statusCode": {
"code": "200",
"reasonPhrase": "OK"
}
}]
}
The STH-Comet log shows that it is online and connects to the correct database:
time=2020-07-09T22:39:06.698Z | lvl=INFO | corr=n/a | trans=n/a | op=OPER_STH_DB_CONN_OPEN | from=n/a | srv=n/a | subsrv=n/a | comp=STH | msg=Establishing connection to the database at mongodb://#mongo:27017/sth_tese
time=2020-07-09T22:39:06.879Z | lvl=INFO | corr=n/a | trans=n/a | op=OPER_STH_DB_CONN_OPEN | from=n/a | srv=n/a | subsrv=n/a | comp=STH | msg=Connection successfully established to the database at mongodb://#mongo:27017/sth_tese
time=2020-07-09T22:39:07.218Z | lvl=INFO | corr=n/a | trans=n/a | op=OPER_STH_SERVER_START | from=n/a | srv=n/a | subsrv=n/a | comp=STH | msg=Server started at http://0.0.0.0:8666
The STH-Comet log with the api v2 request:
time=2020-07-09T23:46:47.400Z | lvl=DEBUG | corr=998811d9-fac2-4701-b37c-bb9ae1b45b81 | trans=998811d9-fac2-4701-b37c-bb9ae1b45b81 | op=OPER_STH_GET | from=n/a | srv=tese | subsrv=/iot | comp=STH | msg=GET /STH/v2/entities/Tank1/attrs/temperature?type=Tank&lastN=10
time=2020-07-09T23:46:47.404Z | lvl=DEBUG | corr=998811d9-fac2-4701-b37c-bb9ae1b45b81 | trans=998811d9-fac2-4701-b37c-bb9ae1b45b81 | op=OPER_STH_GET | from=n/a | srv=tese | subsrv=/iot | comp=STH | msg=Getting access to the raw data collection for retrieval...
time=2020-07-09T23:46:47.408Z | lvl=DEBUG | corr=998811d9-fac2-4701-b37c-bb9ae1b45b81 | trans=998811d9-fac2-4701-b37c-bb9ae1b45b81 | op=OPER_STH_GET | from=n/a | srv=tese | subsrv=/iot | comp=STH | msg=The raw data collection for retrieval exists
time=2020-07-09T23:46:47.412Z | lvl=DEBUG | corr=998811d9-fac2-4701-b37c-bb9ae1b45b81 | trans=998811d9-fac2-4701-b37c-bb9ae1b45b81 | op=OPER_STH_GET | from=n/a | srv=tese | subsrv=/iot | comp=STH | msg=No raw data available for the request: /STH/v2/entities/Tank1/attrs/temperature?type=Tank&lastN=10
time=2020-07-09T23:46:47.412Z | lvl=DEBUG | corr=998811d9-fac2-4701-b37c-bb9ae1b45b81 | trans=998811d9-fac2-4701-b37c-bb9ae1b45b81 | op=OPER_STH_GET | from=n/a | srv=tese | subsrv=/iot | comp=STH | msg=Responding with no points
According to the log, it establishes the connection to recover the raw data: msg=Getting access to the raw data collection for retrieval.... Confirms that the raw data exists: msg=The raw data collection for retrieval exists. But, it cannot recover this data and generates the message that the raw data is not available and does not return any points:msg=No raw data available for the request and msg=Responding with no points.
I already read the configuration part in the documentation. I've reinstalled everything, several times. I combed all settings and I can't find anything to justify this problem.
What could it be?
Could someone with expertise in STH-Comet give any guidance?
Thanks!
Sometimes the way in which STH tries to recover information doesn't match to the way in wich Cygnus store it. However, that doesn't to be the case here. The datamodel used by STH is configured with config.database.dataModel and it seems to be correct: collection-per-entity (as you have collections like sth_/iot_Tank1_Tank, which correspondds to a single entity, i.e. the one with id Tank1 and type Tank).
Assuming that the setting in config.js is not being overridden by DATA_MODEL env var (although it would be wise to check that, looking to the env vars actuallly inyected to the docker container running STH, I guess that with docker inspect) the only way I think we can continue debugging is to inspect which actual query does STH on MongoDB to end in No raw data available for the request.
MongoDB has a profiler that allows to record every query done in the DB. Thus the procedure would be as follows:
Avoid (or minimize) any other usage of MongoDB instance, to avoid "noise" in the information recorded by the profiler
Start the profiler in "all queries" mode (i.e. profiling level 2)
Do the query at STH API
Stop the profiler
Check the queries recorded by the profiler as a consequence of the request done in step 3
Explaining the usage of the MongoDB profiler is out of the scope of this answer, but the reference I provided above is a good starting point if you don't know it already.
Once you have information about the queries, please provide feedback as comments to this answers. Thanks!
I'm developing a plugin for openfire.
From the jsp, I'm using getters and setters to transfer data.
My problem is similar to the problem mentioned here:
https://community.igniterealtime.org/message/155892#155892
I have been trying to figure it out from a week.
I have the following code:
<%# page
import="org.jivesoftware.openfire.XMPPServer,
de.meisterfuu.openfire.plugin.teamFantasian_UserServicePlugin,
org.jivesoftware.util.ParamUtils,
org.jivesoftware.openfire.container.Plugin,
org.jivesoftware.util.*,
java.util.*,
java.util.HashMap,
java.util.Map"
errorPage="error.jsp"%>
<%# taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jstl/core_rt" prefix="c"%>
<%# taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jstl/fmt_rt" prefix="fmt"%>
<%
boolean save = request.getParameter("save") != null;
String pNameSpace = ParamUtils.getParameter(request, "pNameSpace");
String pModule = ParamUtils.getParameter(request, "pModule");
String pCreateUser = ParamUtils.getParameter(request, "pCreateUser");
String pCreateUser_input = ParamUtils.getParameter(request, "pCreateUser_input");
String pCreateUser_output = ParamUtils.getParameter(request, "pCreateUser_output");
teamFantasian_UserServicePlugin plugin = (teamFantasian_UserServicePlugin) XMPPServer.getInstance().getPluginManager().getPlugin("teamFantasian_UserServicePlugin");
Collection<Plugin> a = XMPPServer.getInstance().getPluginManager().getPlugins();
out.write(Arrays.toString(a.toArray()));
if(plugin == null) {
out.println("Cant find plugin ..!!");
return;
}
And this is my directory structure:
/home/manoj/final/Openfire/src/plugins/teamFantasian_UserServicePlugin
|-- lib
| |-- asm-3.1.jar
| |-- commons-pool2-2.0.jar
| |-- fluent-hc-4.3.2.jar
| |-- httpclient-4.3.3.jar
| |-- httpcore-4.3.2.jar
| |-- jackson-core-asl-1.9.2.jar
| |-- jackson-jaxrs-1.9.2.jar
| |-- jackson-mapper-asl-1.9.2.jar
| |-- jackson-xc-1.9.2.jar
| |-- jedis-2.4.2.jar
| |-- jersey-bundle-1.18.jar
| |-- jersey-servlet-1.18.jar
| |-- jettison-1.1.jar
| `-- jsr311-api-1.1.1.jar
|-- logo_large.gif
|-- logo_small.gif
|-- plugin.xml
|-- readme.html
`-- src
|-- i18n
| `-- teamFantasian_UserServicePlugin_i18n.properties
|-- java
| `-- de
| `-- meisterfuu
| `-- openfire
| `-- plugin
| |-- teamFantasian_UserServicePlugin.java
| `-- UserServiceHelper.java
`-- web
|-- images
| |-- error-16x16.gif
| `-- success-16x16.gif
`-- teamFantasian_UserServicePlugin.jsp
10 directories, 24 files
Don't use underscores for your plugin name.
Rename your Plugin to teamFantasianUserServicePlugin.
And get the Instance with:
XMPPServer.getInstance().getPluginManager().getPlugin("teamfantasianuserserviceplugin");
The plugin name should be lowercase.